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ADJUSTING A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg CD carburettor, like the SU (See Adjusting an SU carburettor), is a constant-depression carburettor, hence the CD. The two work in much the same way, but the Stromberg differs in having an air valve - commonly called the piston - surrounded by a rubber diaphragm in the dashpot. The size and type of a Stromberg are given by numbers and letters. ADJUSTING AN SU CARBURETTOR Unlike other types of carburettor, which have fixed jets , the SU has only one jet, so the mixture setting affects the engine throughout its speed range. Some SUs also have exhaust emission-control devices to comply with anti-pollution laws. Adjustment of these is described in Adjusting an emission-control carburettor. Before tuning the carburettor, carry out all the checks in Checking andCURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that CHECKING AND CLEANING AN SU CARBURETTOR The SU carburettor is simple to strip. It has only one jet (except in a few special types) and very few moving parts. It is very reliable, but it can become dirty and choked — and some parts wear out. The most common type of SU is the HS. DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. CHECKING THE DWELL ANGLE A dwell meter measures the angle of rotation of the cam through which the points are opened and closed, and registers the dwell angle - the period when they are closed. It can therefore be used to check the gap on worn points with more accuracy than a feeler gauge, and can be used without removing the distributor cap and with the engine running. HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. TESTING AN ALTERNATOR AND CHECKING OUTPUT Alternators have replaced dynamos as generators on modern cars; they can produce more current. Any short or open circuit or wrong connection can cause a sudden surge of voltage that will damage electronic parts. Never make or break any connection while the engine is running. Checking alternator output using an ammeter in series with the charging system should be done only by an auto-electrician. CHECKING A MECHANICAL FUEL PUMP If fuel spurts out, there is a carburettor fault (See Checking and cleaning an SU carburettor).If no fuel, or only a dribble, emerges, either there is a blockage or leak somewhere in the fuel line (See Checking fuel pipes) or the fuel pump is not working. Some pumps are sealed and cannot be repaired; check to see if there are screws fordismantling.
TESTING AND REPLACING A FLASHER UNIT Testing the flasher unit. Use a test lamp to check that power is reaching the flasher unit. With the ignition on, earth the tester and probe the feed wire connector:the lamp should light. To test the conventional type of flasher unit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked
ADJUSTING A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg CD carburettor, like the SU (See Adjusting an SU carburettor), is a constant-depression carburettor, hence the CD. The two work in much the same way, but the Stromberg differs in having an air valve - commonly called the piston - surrounded by a rubber diaphragm in the dashpot. The size and type of a Stromberg are given by numbers and letters. ADJUSTING AN SU CARBURETTOR Unlike other types of carburettor, which have fixed jets , the SU has only one jet, so the mixture setting affects the engine throughout its speed range. Some SUs also have exhaust emission-control devices to comply with anti-pollution laws. Adjustment of these is described in Adjusting an emission-control carburettor. Before tuning the carburettor, carry out all the checks in Checking andCURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that CHECKING AND CLEANING AN SU CARBURETTOR The SU carburettor is simple to strip. It has only one jet (except in a few special types) and very few moving parts. It is very reliable, but it can become dirty and choked — and some parts wear out. The most common type of SU is the HS. DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. CHECKING THE DWELL ANGLE A dwell meter measures the angle of rotation of the cam through which the points are opened and closed, and registers the dwell angle - the period when they are closed. It can therefore be used to check the gap on worn points with more accuracy than a feeler gauge, and can be used without removing the distributor cap and with the engine running. HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. TESTING AN ALTERNATOR AND CHECKING OUTPUT Alternators have replaced dynamos as generators on modern cars; they can produce more current. Any short or open circuit or wrong connection can cause a sudden surge of voltage that will damage electronic parts. Never make or break any connection while the engine is running. Checking alternator output using an ammeter in series with the charging system should be done only by an auto-electrician. CHECKING A MECHANICAL FUEL PUMP If fuel spurts out, there is a carburettor fault (See Checking and cleaning an SU carburettor).If no fuel, or only a dribble, emerges, either there is a blockage or leak somewhere in the fuel line (See Checking fuel pipes) or the fuel pump is not working. Some pumps are sealed and cannot be repaired; check to see if there are screws fordismantling.
HOW THE CHARGING SYSTEM WORKS A car uses quite a lot of electricity to work the ignition and other electrical equipment. If the power came from an ordinary battery, it would soon run down.So a car has a rechargeable battery and a charging system to keep it topped up. The battery has pairs of lead plates immersed in a mixture of sulphuric acid and distilled water. Half of the plates are connected to each terminal .HOW ABS WORKS
How it works. An anti-lock system automatically applies a form of cadence braking by detecting when a wheel is about to lock, releasing the brake at that wheel and then immediately reapplying it. The system, therefore, needs three main parts: a means of telling when a wheel is about to lock; a means of releasing its brake; and a means of HOW TO TEST ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS A circuit tester is a useful and inexpensive tool for making electrical tests. Checking a simple circuit is straightforward - the lighting circuits are among the simpler ones - but the electrical wiring in a car contains many interlinking and branching circuits, which bring complications. DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. FIXING A REVERSING LIGHT Start by identifying the four switch wires and terminals, then disconnect them. Move the gear lever to the drive position. Slacken the locknut and unscrew the switch from the gearbox a few turns. Using a circuit tester with its own power supply (not a test lamp), connect it across the two reversing light terminals. CHECKING A STARTER CIRCUIT If the starter does not turn the engine although the car battery is in good condition, the fault may be a simple mechanical one or it may be an electrical one in the starter-motor circuit. The starter system is simple, and the checks on it are straightforward. Electrical checks are made with a circuit tester or test lamp or with a voltmeter. A mechanical check to see if the starter pinion gear TUNING THE ENGINE WITH A COLORTUNE PLUG The special spark plug is screwed into the spark plug hole in place of a normal plug. With the engine running, you can then view what's going on in the combustion chamber. If the fuel/air mixture is a deep blue colour, then the mixture is correct. An orange flame means that the mixture is too rich, while a pale blue or white flame indicates a very weak fuel/air mixture. CHECKING AND REPLACING A FUEL SENDER UNIT If the fuel gauge reads empty when you know there is fuel in the tank, the cause may be a faulty sender unit the electrical device that measures the level. Or it may be a faulty gauge or a break in the wiring between the gauge and sender. It is also possible for the fuel tank to read 'full' constantly, although the car has travelled some distance and has obviously used an amount of petrol. TESTING AN ALTERNATOR AND CHECKING OUTPUT Alternators have replaced dynamos as generators on modern cars; they can produce more current. Any short or open circuit or wrong connection can cause a sudden surge of voltage that will damage electronic parts. Never make or break any connection while the engine is running. Checking alternator output using an ammeter in series with the charging system should be done only by an auto-electrician. TROUBLESHOOTING THE IGNITION WARNING LIGHT Check this by turning on the ignition and disconnecting the warning light wire. If the warning light stays on, the wire is earthing somewhere. Inspect the wire for any chafing against the bodywork and repair it with insulating tape. If the wire is completely severed or SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir. I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence. If you're into design, go and check them out. HOW A CAR WORKS: BUILDING THE APP A couple of years ago I turned an out-of-print book into a website and my story of doing that was well received on Hacker News. That wasn’t particularly tough for me - I’ve been building websites for 15 years. But I wanted to make an iOS app version of the site and this is the story of how I went from zero iOS/Xcode programming knowledge to having an app on sale in the App Store in six weeks.HOW A CAR WORKS
👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out.CURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that ADJUSTING AN SU CARBURETTOR Unlike other types of carburettor, which have fixed jets , the SU has only one jet, so the mixture setting affects the engine throughout its speed range. Some SUs also have exhaust emission-control devices to comply with anti-pollution laws. Adjustment of these is described in Adjusting an emission-control carburettor. Before tuning the carburettor, carry out all the checks in Checking and HOW A SPEEDOMETER WORKS Inside the gearbox, the output shaft contains a gear wheel which rotates with the shaft. Linked to this gear wheel, and driven by it, is a small pinion gear, the speedometer chive pinion, which links in turn to the speedometer cable that runs up to the speedometer itself. The speedo cable consists of an inner cable running inside a protective outer sheath. ADJUSTING A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg CD carburettor, like the SU (See Adjusting an SU carburettor), is a constant-depression carburettor, hence the CD. The two work in much the same way, but the Stromberg differs in having an air valve - commonly called the piston - surrounded by a rubber diaphragm in the dashpot. The size and type of a Stromberg are given by numbers and letters. FIXING A REVERSING LIGHT Start by identifying the four switch wires and terminals, then disconnect them. Move the gear lever to the drive position. Slacken the locknut and unscrew the switch from the gearbox a few turns. Using a circuit tester with its own power supply (not a test lamp), connect it across the two reversing light terminals. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Flush the water through until it runs out clear. If the water does not clear in a few minutes, reverse flush the radiator. Seal the hose into the bottom stub. Tie a long plastic bag with a hole in the bottom to the top stub, to direct the coolant away from the engine and electrical components. Flush until the CHECKING AND REPLACING A FUEL SENDER UNIT If the fuel gauge reads empty when you know there is fuel in the tank, the cause may be a faulty sender unit the electrical device that measures the level. Or it may be a faulty gauge or a break in the wiring between the gauge and sender. It is also possible for the fuel tank to read 'full' constantly, although the car has travelled some distance and has obviously used an amount of petrol. SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir. I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence. If you're into design, go and check them out. HOW A CAR WORKS: BUILDING THE APP A couple of years ago I turned an out-of-print book into a website and my story of doing that was well received on Hacker News. That wasn’t particularly tough for me - I’ve been building websites for 15 years. But I wanted to make an iOS app version of the site and this is the story of how I went from zero iOS/Xcode programming knowledge to having an app on sale in the App Store in six weeks.HOW A CAR WORKS
👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out.CURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that ADJUSTING AN SU CARBURETTOR Unlike other types of carburettor, which have fixed jets , the SU has only one jet, so the mixture setting affects the engine throughout its speed range. Some SUs also have exhaust emission-control devices to comply with anti-pollution laws. Adjustment of these is described in Adjusting an emission-control carburettor. Before tuning the carburettor, carry out all the checks in Checking and HOW A SPEEDOMETER WORKS Inside the gearbox, the output shaft contains a gear wheel which rotates with the shaft. Linked to this gear wheel, and driven by it, is a small pinion gear, the speedometer chive pinion, which links in turn to the speedometer cable that runs up to the speedometer itself. The speedo cable consists of an inner cable running inside a protective outer sheath. ADJUSTING A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg CD carburettor, like the SU (See Adjusting an SU carburettor), is a constant-depression carburettor, hence the CD. The two work in much the same way, but the Stromberg differs in having an air valve - commonly called the piston - surrounded by a rubber diaphragm in the dashpot. The size and type of a Stromberg are given by numbers and letters. FIXING A REVERSING LIGHT Start by identifying the four switch wires and terminals, then disconnect them. Move the gear lever to the drive position. Slacken the locknut and unscrew the switch from the gearbox a few turns. Using a circuit tester with its own power supply (not a test lamp), connect it across the two reversing light terminals. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Flush the water through until it runs out clear. If the water does not clear in a few minutes, reverse flush the radiator. Seal the hose into the bottom stub. Tie a long plastic bag with a hole in the bottom to the top stub, to direct the coolant away from the engine and electrical components. Flush until the CHECKING AND REPLACING A FUEL SENDER UNIT If the fuel gauge reads empty when you know there is fuel in the tank, the cause may be a faulty sender unit the electrical device that measures the level. Or it may be a faulty gauge or a break in the wiring between the gauge and sender. It is also possible for the fuel tank to read 'full' constantly, although the car has travelled some distance and has obviously used an amount of petrol. SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT 👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out.HOW A CAR WORKS
👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out. INSPECTING THE IGNITION SYSTEM Inspect the ignition system whenever you make a general under-bonnet check. It takes only a couple of minutes, and guards against a frequent cause of breakdown. Check that the low-tension connections are tight and free from corrosion, and that all LT wires have sound insulation and no cracks, kinks or breaks. Follow with the plug leadsand plugs.
DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. ADJUSTING THE CLUTCH Locate the clutch cable, which loops down from the clutch pedal to protrude through the clutch operating lever. There is a threaded sleeve with two nuts on it at the protruding end of the cable. The clearance is the difference between the cable measurement when theoperating lever is
TESTING AND REPLACING A FLASHER UNIT Testing the flasher unit. Use a test lamp to check that power is reaching the flasher unit. With the ignition on, earth the tester and probe the feed wire connector:the lamp should light. To test the conventional type of flasher unit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked
CHECKING A STARTER CIRCUIT If the starter does not turn the engine although the car battery is in good condition, the fault may be a simple mechanical one or it may be an electrical one in the starter-motor circuit. The starter system is simple, and the checks on it are straightforward. Electrical checks are made with a circuit tester or test lamp or with a voltmeter. A mechanical check to see if the starter pinion gear CHECKING AND REPLACING A FUEL SENDER UNIT If the fuel gauge reads empty when you know there is fuel in the tank, the cause may be a faulty sender unit the electrical device that measures the level. Or it may be a faulty gauge or a break in the wiring between the gauge and sender. It is also possible for the fuel tank to read 'full' constantly, although the car has travelled some distance and has obviously used an amount of petrol. HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. HOW TO CHECK A RELAY SWITCH The battery is earthed to the body by a short, heavy cable or by a braided wire strap. On most cars the negative battery terminal is earthed. From the positive terminal another heavy cable goes to the starter solenoid switch, which feeds current to the starter along a third heavy cable. A wire leads from the live side of the solenoid (not through the switch itself) to the ignition switch. SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir. I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence. If you're into design, go and check them out. HOW A CAR WORKS: BUILDING THE APP A couple of years ago I turned an out-of-print book into a website and my story of doing that was well received on Hacker News. That wasn’t particularly tough for me - I’ve been building websites for 15 years. But I wanted to make an iOS app version of the site and this is the story of how I went from zero iOS/Xcode programming knowledge to having an app on sale in the App Store in six weeks.HOW A CAR WORKS
👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out.CURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. HOW A SPEEDOMETER WORKS Inside the gearbox, the output shaft contains a gear wheel which rotates with the shaft. Linked to this gear wheel, and driven by it, is a small pinion gear, the speedometer chive pinion, which links in turn to the speedometer cable that runs up to the speedometer itself. The speedo cable consists of an inner cable running inside a protective outer sheath. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Flush the water through until it runs out clear. If the water does not clear in a few minutes, reverse flush the radiator. Seal the hose into the bottom stub. Tie a long plastic bag with a hole in the bottom to the top stub, to direct the coolant away from the engine and electrical components. Flush until the HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. TESTING AND REPLACING A FLASHER UNIT Testing the flasher unit. Use a test lamp to check that power is reaching the flasher unit. With the ignition on, earth the tester and probe the feed wire connector:the lamp should light. To test the conventional type of flasher unit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked
CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one. SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir. I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence. If you're into design, go and check them out. HOW A CAR WORKS: BUILDING THE APP A couple of years ago I turned an out-of-print book into a website and my story of doing that was well received on Hacker News. That wasn’t particularly tough for me - I’ve been building websites for 15 years. But I wanted to make an iOS app version of the site and this is the story of how I went from zero iOS/Xcode programming knowledge to having an app on sale in the App Store in six weeks.HOW A CAR WORKS
👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out.CURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. HOW A SPEEDOMETER WORKS Inside the gearbox, the output shaft contains a gear wheel which rotates with the shaft. Linked to this gear wheel, and driven by it, is a small pinion gear, the speedometer chive pinion, which links in turn to the speedometer cable that runs up to the speedometer itself. The speedo cable consists of an inner cable running inside a protective outer sheath. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Flush the water through until it runs out clear. If the water does not clear in a few minutes, reverse flush the radiator. Seal the hose into the bottom stub. Tie a long plastic bag with a hole in the bottom to the top stub, to direct the coolant away from the engine and electrical components. Flush until the HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. TESTING AND REPLACING A FLASHER UNIT Testing the flasher unit. Use a test lamp to check that power is reaching the flasher unit. With the ignition on, earth the tester and probe the feed wire connector:the lamp should light. To test the conventional type of flasher unit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked
CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one.HOW A CAR WORKS
The engine is the heart of your car. It is a complex machine built to convert heat from burning gas into the force that turns the roadwheels.
TESTING AND REPLACING A FLASHER UNIT Testing the flasher unit. Use a test lamp to check that power is reaching the flasher unit. With the ignition on, earth the tester and probe the feed wire connector:the lamp should light. To test the conventional type of flasher unit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked
CHECKING THE DWELL ANGLE A dwell meter measures the angle of rotation of the cam through which the points are opened and closed, and registers the dwell angle - the period when they are closed. It can therefore be used to check the gap on worn points with more accuracy than a feeler gauge, and can be used without removing the distributor cap and with the engine running. CHECKING A STARTER CIRCUIT If the starter does not turn the engine although the car battery is in good condition, the fault may be a simple mechanical one or it may be an electrical one in the starter-motor circuit. The starter system is simple, and the checks on it are straightforward. Electrical checks are made with a circuit tester or test lamp or with a voltmeter. A mechanical check to see if the starter pinion gear FIXING A REVERSING LIGHT Start by identifying the four switch wires and terminals, then disconnect them. Move the gear lever to the drive position. Slacken the locknut and unscrew the switch from the gearbox a few turns. Using a circuit tester with its own power supply (not a test lamp), connect it across the two reversing light terminals. CHECKING AND CLEANING AN SU CARBURETTOR The SU carburettor is simple to strip. It has only one jet (except in a few special types) and very few moving parts. It is very reliable, but it can become dirty and choked — and some parts wear out. The most common type of SU is the HS. REMOVING AND REFITTING THE DISTRIBUTOR On some cars, because of limited space, the only way of replacing the contact-breaker points or condenser is with the distributor removed. Before removing the distributor, check which of the high-tension leads is connected to the cylinder used for timing (See Adjusting the static timing).It is nearly always No. 1 cylinder, but on some cars anothercylinder is used.
CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one. REPLACING GASKETS AND OIL SEALS Gaskets and oil seals should be replaced if worn or leaking, or whenever removed during servicing. Replacement is simple, but some engine dismantling may be necessary to reach them. Buy gasket sets from a dealer for the make of car, and state clearly for what partsthey are needed.
CHECKING A FORD VV CARBURETTOR The Ford Variable Venturi carburettor is fitted to many small Fords. It looks like an ordinary fixed-jet carburettor, and has some features typical of that type, such as an accelerator pump.However, its main mechanism is of the constant-depression type - like an SU, but tiltedthrough 90 degrees.
SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir. I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence. If you're into design, go and check them out. HOW A CAR WORKS: BUILDING THE APP A couple of years ago I turned an out-of-print book into a website and my story of doing that was well received on Hacker News. That wasn’t particularly tough for me - I’ve been building websites for 15 years. But I wanted to make an iOS app version of the site and this is the story of how I went from zero iOS/Xcode programming knowledge to having an app on sale in the App Store in six weeks.HOW A CAR WORKS
👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out.CURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. HOW A SPEEDOMETER WORKS Inside the gearbox, the output shaft contains a gear wheel which rotates with the shaft. Linked to this gear wheel, and driven by it, is a small pinion gear, the speedometer chive pinion, which links in turn to the speedometer cable that runs up to the speedometer itself. The speedo cable consists of an inner cable running inside a protective outer sheath. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Flush the water through until it runs out clear. If the water does not clear in a few minutes, reverse flush the radiator. Seal the hose into the bottom stub. Tie a long plastic bag with a hole in the bottom to the top stub, to direct the coolant away from the engine and electrical components. Flush until the HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. TESTING AND REPLACING A FLASHER UNIT Testing the flasher unit. Use a test lamp to check that power is reaching the flasher unit. With the ignition on, earth the tester and probe the feed wire connector:the lamp should light. To test the conventional type of flasher unit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked
CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one. SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir. I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence. If you're into design, go and check them out. HOW A CAR WORKS: BUILDING THE APP A couple of years ago I turned an out-of-print book into a website and my story of doing that was well received on Hacker News. That wasn’t particularly tough for me - I’ve been building websites for 15 years. But I wanted to make an iOS app version of the site and this is the story of how I went from zero iOS/Xcode programming knowledge to having an app on sale in the App Store in six weeks.HOW A CAR WORKS
👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out.CURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. HOW A SPEEDOMETER WORKS Inside the gearbox, the output shaft contains a gear wheel which rotates with the shaft. Linked to this gear wheel, and driven by it, is a small pinion gear, the speedometer chive pinion, which links in turn to the speedometer cable that runs up to the speedometer itself. The speedo cable consists of an inner cable running inside a protective outer sheath. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Flush the water through until it runs out clear. If the water does not clear in a few minutes, reverse flush the radiator. Seal the hose into the bottom stub. Tie a long plastic bag with a hole in the bottom to the top stub, to direct the coolant away from the engine and electrical components. Flush until the HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. TESTING AND REPLACING A FLASHER UNIT Testing the flasher unit. Use a test lamp to check that power is reaching the flasher unit. With the ignition on, earth the tester and probe the feed wire connector:the lamp should light. To test the conventional type of flasher unit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked
CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one.HOW A CAR WORKS
The engine is the heart of your car. It is a complex machine built to convert heat from burning gas into the force that turns the roadwheels.
TESTING AND REPLACING A FLASHER UNIT Testing the flasher unit. Use a test lamp to check that power is reaching the flasher unit. With the ignition on, earth the tester and probe the feed wire connector:the lamp should light. To test the conventional type of flasher unit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked
CHECKING THE DWELL ANGLE A dwell meter measures the angle of rotation of the cam through which the points are opened and closed, and registers the dwell angle - the period when they are closed. It can therefore be used to check the gap on worn points with more accuracy than a feeler gauge, and can be used without removing the distributor cap and with the engine running. CHECKING A STARTER CIRCUIT If the starter does not turn the engine although the car battery is in good condition, the fault may be a simple mechanical one or it may be an electrical one in the starter-motor circuit. The starter system is simple, and the checks on it are straightforward. Electrical checks are made with a circuit tester or test lamp or with a voltmeter. A mechanical check to see if the starter pinion gear FIXING A REVERSING LIGHT Start by identifying the four switch wires and terminals, then disconnect them. Move the gear lever to the drive position. Slacken the locknut and unscrew the switch from the gearbox a few turns. Using a circuit tester with its own power supply (not a test lamp), connect it across the two reversing light terminals. CHECKING AND CLEANING AN SU CARBURETTOR The SU carburettor is simple to strip. It has only one jet (except in a few special types) and very few moving parts. It is very reliable, but it can become dirty and choked — and some parts wear out. The most common type of SU is the HS. REMOVING AND REFITTING THE DISTRIBUTOR On some cars, because of limited space, the only way of replacing the contact-breaker points or condenser is with the distributor removed. Before removing the distributor, check which of the high-tension leads is connected to the cylinder used for timing (See Adjusting the static timing).It is nearly always No. 1 cylinder, but on some cars anothercylinder is used.
CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one. REPLACING GASKETS AND OIL SEALS Gaskets and oil seals should be replaced if worn or leaking, or whenever removed during servicing. Replacement is simple, but some engine dismantling may be necessary to reach them. Buy gasket sets from a dealer for the make of car, and state clearly for what partsthey are needed.
CHECKING A FORD VV CARBURETTOR The Ford Variable Venturi carburettor is fitted to many small Fords. It looks like an ordinary fixed-jet carburettor, and has some features typical of that type, such as an accelerator pump.However, its main mechanism is of the constant-depression type - like an SU, but tiltedthrough 90 degrees.
SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir. I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence. If you're into design, go and check them out.CURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that TESTING A DYNAMO AND CHECKING OUTPUT The dynamo is a robust and simple type of generator which was fitted to many earlier cars. Most modern cars are fitted with an alternator. If you suspect a fault in the dynamo, check all the connections to it with a circuit tester. Check also that the dynamo actually turns when the engine is running, and that the drive belt is adjusted to its correct tension, and is not slipping (See CheckingCHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one. CHECKING AND CLEANING AN SU CARBURETTOR The SU carburettor is simple to strip. It has only one jet (except in a few special types) and very few moving parts. It is very reliable, but it can become dirty and choked — and some parts wear out. The most common type of SU is the HS. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Flush the water through until it runs out clear. If the water does not clear in a few minutes, reverse flush the radiator. Seal the hose into the bottom stub. Tie a long plastic bag with a hole in the bottom to the top stub, to direct the coolant away from the engine and electrical components. Flush until the HOW TO FIX A CAR HEATER The car's heating system consists essentially of a motor-driven fan to blow warm air from the engine bay to the car's interior. The system is very simple and rarely goes wrong. The only fault that is likely to develop is that the fan stops working because of a break in the electrical circuit.This circuit consists of a feed wire from the fusebox to the on/off switch on the dashboard or centre ADJUSTING A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg CD carburettor, like the SU (See Adjusting an SU carburettor), is a constant-depression carburettor, hence the CD. The two work in much the same way, but the Stromberg differs in having an air valve - commonly called the piston - surrounded by a rubber diaphragm in the dashpot. The size and type of a Stromberg are given by numbers and letters. HOW TO LUBRICATE THE STEERING SYSTEM Unfasten the inner end of the lower gaiter and pull it clear of the rack drain. If it is oil, drain the rack and use a syringe to refill it. Check how much the syringe holds, to ensure the right oil level. Raise the car on an axle stand on one side only, so that the rack is tilted. Clean carefully around the gaiter and set a USING A CAR BATTERY CHARGER A basic home battery charger incorporates a transformer and rectifier, to change the mains 110/220 volt alternating current to 12 volt direct current, and allows the mains supply to provide a charging current at a rate determined by the state of the battery. In the case of a battery in good condition, the rate of charge may be around 3 to 6 amps with a normal home charger. SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir. I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence. If you're into design, go and check them out.CURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that TESTING A DYNAMO AND CHECKING OUTPUT The dynamo is a robust and simple type of generator which was fitted to many earlier cars. Most modern cars are fitted with an alternator. If you suspect a fault in the dynamo, check all the connections to it with a circuit tester. Check also that the dynamo actually turns when the engine is running, and that the drive belt is adjusted to its correct tension, and is not slipping (See Checking CHECKING AND CLEANING AN SU CARBURETTOR The SU carburettor is simple to strip. It has only one jet (except in a few special types) and very few moving parts. It is very reliable, but it can become dirty and choked — and some parts wear out. The most common type of SU is the HS.CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Flush the water through until it runs out clear. If the water does not clear in a few minutes, reverse flush the radiator. Seal the hose into the bottom stub. Tie a long plastic bag with a hole in the bottom to the top stub, to direct the coolant away from the engine and electrical components. Flush until the HOW TO FIX A CAR HEATER The car's heating system consists essentially of a motor-driven fan to blow warm air from the engine bay to the car's interior. The system is very simple and rarely goes wrong. The only fault that is likely to develop is that the fan stops working because of a break in the electrical circuit.This circuit consists of a feed wire from the fusebox to the on/off switch on the dashboard or centre ADJUSTING A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg CD carburettor, like the SU (See Adjusting an SU carburettor), is a constant-depression carburettor, hence the CD. The two work in much the same way, but the Stromberg differs in having an air valve - commonly called the piston - surrounded by a rubber diaphragm in the dashpot. The size and type of a Stromberg are given by numbers and letters. HOW TO LUBRICATE THE STEERING SYSTEM Unfasten the inner end of the lower gaiter and pull it clear of the rack drain. If it is oil, drain the rack and use a syringe to refill it. Check how much the syringe holds, to ensure the right oil level. Raise the car on an axle stand on one side only, so that the rack is tilted. Clean carefully around the gaiter and set a USING A CAR BATTERY CHARGER A basic home battery charger incorporates a transformer and rectifier, to change the mains 110/220 volt alternating current to 12 volt direct current, and allows the mains supply to provide a charging current at a rate determined by the state of the battery. In the case of a battery in good condition, the rate of charge may be around 3 to 6 amps with a normal home charger.HOW A CAR WORKS
The engine is the heart of your car. It is a complex machine built to convert heat from burning gas into the force that turns the roadwheels.
TESTING A DYNAMO AND CHECKING OUTPUT The dynamo is a robust and simple type of generator which was fitted to many earlier cars. Most modern cars are fitted with an alternator. If you suspect a fault in the dynamo, check all the connections to it with a circuit tester. Check also that the dynamo actually turns when the engine is running, and that the drive belt is adjusted to its correct tension, and is not slipping (See Checking HOW TO LUBRICATE THE STEERING SYSTEM But even new cars may have grease nipples and/or oil-filler holes in various parts of the system. Their position depends on the steering system - rack and pinion or steering box - and the front suspension type - wishbone or MacPherson strut. The car handbook will tell you where to lubricate and how often usually every 6,000 miles or 10,000 km - and the type and amount of lubricant to use. DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION Automatic transmission fluid. First check the fluid level. A need for frequent topping up shows that there is a leak somewhere in the transmission which should be traced and put right as soon as possible. Try standing the car over some newspaper laid out on the ground . Start the engine and operate the transmission lever a couple of times. HOW TO TEST ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS A circuit tester is a useful and inexpensive tool for making electrical tests. Checking a simple circuit is straightforward - the lighting circuits are among the simpler ones - but the electrical wiring in a car contains many interlinking and branching circuits, which bring complications. ADJUSTING AN SU CARBURETTOR Unlike other types of carburettor, which have fixed jets , the SU has only one jet, so the mixture setting affects the engine throughout its speed range. Some SUs also have exhaust emission-control devices to comply with anti-pollution laws. Adjustment of these is described in Adjusting an emission-control carburettor. Before tuning the carburettor, carry out all the checks in Checking and TESTING AN ALTERNATOR AND CHECKING OUTPUT Alternators have replaced dynamos as generators on modern cars; they can produce more current. Any short or open circuit or wrong connection can cause a sudden surge of voltage that will damage electronic parts. Never make or break any connection while the engine is running. Checking alternator output using an ammeter in series with the charging system should be done only by an auto-electrician. CHECKING AND REPLACING A FUEL SENDER UNIT If the fuel gauge reads empty when you know there is fuel in the tank, the cause may be a faulty sender unit the electrical device that measures the level. Or it may be a faulty gauge or a break in the wiring between the gauge and sender. It is also possible for the fuel tank to read 'full' constantly, although the car has travelled some distance and has obviously used an amount of petrol. CHECKING FOR COOLANT LEAKS A rising temperature gauge, a pool of coolant beneath the car and a drop in the radiator level are signs of a leak. So are rust-coloured stains in the engine bay. But if you cannot actually see the leak, a systematic check is called for. Always work when the engine is hot, and pressure in the cooling system has built up - forcing out coolantat any weak spot.
HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT 👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Over a period of years, sediment builds up in a car's cooling system even if antifreeze containing corrosion inhibitors is left in all year round. Eventually the sediment will start to obstruct the water passages in the radiator and engine.Such obstruction causes overheating of the engine which, if it becomes severe, can lead to engine seizure. If your engine is overheating and you haveCURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that TESTING A DYNAMO AND CHECKING OUTPUT The dynamo is a robust and simple type of generator which was fitted to many earlier cars. Most modern cars are fitted with an alternator. If you suspect a fault in the dynamo, check all the connections to it with a circuit tester. Check also that the dynamo actually turns when the engine is running, and that the drive belt is adjusted to its correct tension, and is not slipping (See Checking CHECKING AND CLEANING AN SU CARBURETTOR The SU carburettor is simple to strip. It has only one jet (except in a few special types) and very few moving parts. It is very reliable, but it can become dirty and choked — and some parts wear out. The most common type of SU is the HS. HOW TO LUBRICATE THE STEERING SYSTEM But even new cars may have grease nipples and/or oil-filler holes in various parts of the system. Their position depends on the steering system - rack and pinion or steering box - and the front suspension type - wishbone or MacPherson strut. The car handbook will tell you where to lubricate and how often usually every 6,000 miles or 10,000 km - and the type and amount of lubricant to use. ADJUSTING A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg CD carburettor, like the SU (See Adjusting an SU carburettor), is a constant-depression carburettor, hence the CD. The two work in much the same way, but the Stromberg differs in having an air valve - commonly called the piston - surrounded by a rubber diaphragm in the dashpot. The size and type of a Stromberg are given by numbers and letters. HOW TO FIX A CAR HEATER The car's heating system consists essentially of a motor-driven fan to blow warm air from the engine bay to the car's interior. The system is very simple and rarely goes wrong. The only fault that is likely to develop is that the fan stops working because of a break in the electrical circuit.This circuit consists of a feed wire from the fusebox to the on/off switch on the dashboard or centre USING A CAR BATTERY CHARGER A basic home battery charger incorporates a transformer and rectifier, to change the mains 110/220 volt alternating current to 12 volt direct current, and allows the mains supply to provide a charging current at a rate determined by the state of the battery. In the case of a battery in good condition, the rate of charge may be around 3 to 6 amps with a normal home charger.CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one. SIGN INTO YOUR ACCOUNT 👋 . How a Car Works is created, written by, and maintained by Alex Muir.I don't really have adverts here: it's funded by wonderful people buying the Car Mechanics Video Course.. The design of this site was heavily, heavily inspired by CSS-Tricks under their supercool licence.If you're into design, go and check them out. HOW TO FLUSH AN ENGINE RADIATOR Over a period of years, sediment builds up in a car's cooling system even if antifreeze containing corrosion inhibitors is left in all year round. Eventually the sediment will start to obstruct the water passages in the radiator and engine.Such obstruction causes overheating of the engine which, if it becomes severe, can lead to engine seizure. If your engine is overheating and you haveCURING RUNNING ON
Running-on is when the engine continues to turn after you've switched off the ignition because the fuel /air mixture is being ignited by a hot-spot in the combustion chamber . Furthermore, because the mixture is often firing at the wrong point in the cycle , the engine does not run smoothly but jerks and rocks badly on its mountings (and sometimes backfires ). The problem can be so bad that TESTING A DYNAMO AND CHECKING OUTPUT The dynamo is a robust and simple type of generator which was fitted to many earlier cars. Most modern cars are fitted with an alternator. If you suspect a fault in the dynamo, check all the connections to it with a circuit tester. Check also that the dynamo actually turns when the engine is running, and that the drive belt is adjusted to its correct tension, and is not slipping (See Checking CHECKING AND CLEANING AN SU CARBURETTOR The SU carburettor is simple to strip. It has only one jet (except in a few special types) and very few moving parts. It is very reliable, but it can become dirty and choked — and some parts wear out. The most common type of SU is the HS. HOW TO LUBRICATE THE STEERING SYSTEM But even new cars may have grease nipples and/or oil-filler holes in various parts of the system. Their position depends on the steering system - rack and pinion or steering box - and the front suspension type - wishbone or MacPherson strut. The car handbook will tell you where to lubricate and how often usually every 6,000 miles or 10,000 km - and the type and amount of lubricant to use. ADJUSTING A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg CD carburettor, like the SU (See Adjusting an SU carburettor), is a constant-depression carburettor, hence the CD. The two work in much the same way, but the Stromberg differs in having an air valve - commonly called the piston - surrounded by a rubber diaphragm in the dashpot. The size and type of a Stromberg are given by numbers and letters. HOW TO FIX A CAR HEATER The car's heating system consists essentially of a motor-driven fan to blow warm air from the engine bay to the car's interior. The system is very simple and rarely goes wrong. The only fault that is likely to develop is that the fan stops working because of a break in the electrical circuit.This circuit consists of a feed wire from the fusebox to the on/off switch on the dashboard or centre USING A CAR BATTERY CHARGER A basic home battery charger incorporates a transformer and rectifier, to change the mains 110/220 volt alternating current to 12 volt direct current, and allows the mains supply to provide a charging current at a rate determined by the state of the battery. In the case of a battery in good condition, the rate of charge may be around 3 to 6 amps with a normal home charger.CHOOSING A RATCHET
The click of a ratchet wrench is the defining sound of a mechanic. Ratchets and sockets are extremely useful and versatile tools for the garage - in this article we explain how a ratchet works and what to look for when choosing one.HOW A CAR WORKS
The engine is the heart of your car. It is a complex machine built to convert heat from burning gas into the force that turns the roadwheels.
TESTING A DYNAMO AND CHECKING OUTPUT The dynamo is a robust and simple type of generator which was fitted to many earlier cars. Most modern cars are fitted with an alternator. If you suspect a fault in the dynamo, check all the connections to it with a circuit tester. Check also that the dynamo actually turns when the engine is running, and that the drive belt is adjusted to its correct tension, and is not slipping (See Checking HOW TO TEST ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS A circuit tester is a useful and inexpensive tool for making electrical tests. Checking a simple circuit is straightforward - the lighting circuits are among the simpler ones - but the electrical wiring in a car contains many interlinking and branching circuits, which bring complications. HOW TO LUBRICATE THE STEERING SYSTEM But even new cars may have grease nipples and/or oil-filler holes in various parts of the system. Their position depends on the steering system - rack and pinion or steering box - and the front suspension type - wishbone or MacPherson strut. The car handbook will tell you where to lubricate and how often usually every 6,000 miles or 10,000 km - and the type and amount of lubricant to use. DIAGNOSING FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION The main reason for this greater relibility is the fact that the gears are engaged smoothly by the operation of internal clutches and brake bands under automatic control, so minimizing the possibility of maltreatment, shock loading and gear crashing, and the mechanical damage that can result from these. ADJUSTING AN SU CARBURETTOR Unlike other types of carburettor, which have fixed jets , the SU has only one jet, so the mixture setting affects the engine throughout its speed range. Some SUs also have exhaust emission-control devices to comply with anti-pollution laws. Adjustment of these is described in Adjusting an emission-control carburettor. Before tuning the carburettor, carry out all the checks in Checking and HOW TO OVERHAUL A STROMBERG CARBURETTOR The Stromberg carburettor does not have a regular service schedule, but should be cleaned about once a year. Replace worn parts as necessary. Dirt which has penetrated the fuel filter, and residues from chemicals in petrol build up inside.Needles and jets wear out after a few years' use. The rubber diaphragm may become holed - and even a tiny hole causes loss of engine power. CHECKING FOR COOLANT LEAKS A rising temperature gauge, a pool of coolant beneath the car and a drop in the radiator level are signs of a leak. So are rust-coloured stains in the engine bay. But if you cannot actually see the leak, a systematic check is called for. Always work when the engine is hot, and pressure in the cooling system has built up - forcing out coolantat any weak spot.
CHECKING AND REPLACING A FUEL SENDER UNIT If the fuel gauge reads empty when you know there is fuel in the tank, the cause may be a faulty sender unit the electrical device that measures the level. Or it may be a faulty gauge or a break in the wiring between the gauge and sender. It is also possible for the fuel tank to read 'full' constantly, although the car has travelled some distance and has obviously used an amount of petrol. TESTING AN ALTERNATOR AND CHECKING OUTPUT Alternators have replaced dynamos as generators on modern cars; they can produce more current. Any short or open circuit or wrong connection can cause a sudden surge of voltage that will damage electronic parts. Never make or break any connection while the engine is running. Checking alternator output using an ammeter in series with the charging system should be done only by an auto-electrician. Skip to main contentHow a Car Works
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Engine 2 mins
BONUS: DISMANTLING THE ENGINEEngine 18 mins
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Engine 18 mins
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TOOLS: USING A TAP SETEngine 4 mins
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Basics
THE ENGINE
4 illustrations
The engine is the heart of your car. It is a complex machine built to convert heat from burning gas into the force that turns the roadwheels. Read more
Basics
HOW THE BRAKING SYSTEM WORKS10 illustrations
Most modern cars have brakes on all four wheels, operated by a hydraulic system. The brakes may be disc type or drum type. Read moreBasics
HOW MANUAL GEARBOXES WORK9 illustrations
Internal-combustion engines run at high speeds, so a reduction in gearing is necessary to transmit power to the drive wheels, which turn much more slowly. Read more gearbox transmissionBasics
HOW A CAR CLUTCH WORKS4 illustrations
The first stage in the transmission of a car with a manual gearbox is the clutch. Read more clutch transmissionBasics
HOW A DIESEL ENGINE WORKS8 illustrations
Traditionally, diesel engines have always been seen as noisy, smelly and underpowered engines of little use other than in trucks, taxis and vans. But as diesel engines and their injection system controls have become more refined, the 1980s have seen that situation change. In the UK in 1985 there were almost 65,000 diesel cars sold (about 3.5 per cent of the total number of cars sold), compared with only 5380 in1980. Read more
engine diesel
Basics
HOW CAR SUSPENSION WORKS4 illustrations
There are various ways of attaching the wheels of the car so that they can move up and down on their springs and dampers, and do so with as little change as possible in the distance between adjacent wheels or in the near-vertical angle of the tyres to the road. Read moresuspension
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