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GOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME According to Cohn (1964), the term chromatin refers to the Feulgen positive materials observed in the interphase nucleus and later during the division of the cell nucleus. they are long, fine thread-like structures 40 to 150 A 0 in diameter.. Ris (1969) has observed that CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? About 1 in every 200 babies is born with a chromosomal abnormality. The syndrome, which causes a baby is born with an extra chromosome 21, is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities whose effects are known by most people. LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and "messengers" (hormones). WHAT ARE THE BASICS OF PH CONCEPT AND ITS IMPORTANCE? The pH Concept: The nature of the solution (acidic, alkaline (or) neutral) can be represented in terms of either hydrogen ion concentration (or) hydroxyl ion concentration. This naturally explains the pH concept. In 1909, Sorenson used a logarithmic scale for expressing the H+ concentration. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES: BASIC STRUCTURES OF NUCLEOSIDES In the right-hand figure, note also the 5′ and 3′ carbons on ribose (or deoxyribose) – understanding this concept and nomenclature are critical to the understanding polarity of nucleic acids, as discussed below. The 5′ carbon has an attached phosphate group, while the 3′ carbon has a hydroxyl group. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates, This chapter explains the classification of carbohydrates-Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES Origin of Replication in Eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the best-characterized replication origins.. These origins were first identified by their ability to support the replication of mini-chromosomes or plasmids, giving rise to the name Autonomously replicating sequences or ARS elements. BUFFERS: WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF BUFFERS IN BIOLOGICALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME According to Cohn (1964), the term chromatin refers to the Feulgen positive materials observed in the interphase nucleus and later during the division of the cell nucleus. they are long, fine thread-like structures 40 to 150 A 0 in diameter.. Ris (1969) has observed that CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? About 1 in every 200 babies is born with a chromosomal abnormality. The syndrome, which causes a baby is born with an extra chromosome 21, is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities whose effects are known by most people. LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and "messengers" (hormones). WHAT ARE THE BASICS OF PH CONCEPT AND ITS IMPORTANCE? The pH Concept: The nature of the solution (acidic, alkaline (or) neutral) can be represented in terms of either hydrogen ion concentration (or) hydroxyl ion concentration. This naturally explains the pH concept. In 1909, Sorenson used a logarithmic scale for expressing the H+ concentration. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES: BASIC STRUCTURES OF NUCLEOSIDES In the right-hand figure, note also the 5′ and 3′ carbons on ribose (or deoxyribose) – understanding this concept and nomenclature are critical to the understanding polarity of nucleic acids, as discussed below. The 5′ carbon has an attached phosphate group, while the 3′ carbon has a hydroxyl group. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates, This chapter explains the classification of carbohydrates-Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES Origin of Replication in Eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the best-characterized replication origins.. These origins were first identified by their ability to support the replication of mini-chromosomes or plasmids, giving rise to the name Autonomously replicating sequences or ARS elements. BUFFERS: WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF BUFFERS IN BIOLOGICALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
ENZYME REGULATION: BASICS OF ENZYME REGULATION AND ITS TYPES In biochemistry, allosteric regulation is the regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein’s allosteric site (that is, a site other than the protein’s active site).Effectors that enhance the protein’s activity are referred to as allosteric activators, whereas those that decrease the protein’s activity are called allosteric inhibitors. THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES Origin of Replication in Eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the best-characterized replication origins.. These origins were first identified by their ability to support the replication of mini-chromosomes or plasmids, giving rise to the name Autonomously replicating sequences or ARS elements. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES: BASIC STRUCTURES OF NUCLEOSIDES In the right-hand figure, note also the 5′ and 3′ carbons on ribose (or deoxyribose) – understanding this concept and nomenclature are critical to the understanding polarity of nucleic acids, as discussed below. The 5′ carbon has an attached phosphate group, while the 3′ carbon has a hydroxyl group. ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIAL A Modulator is a metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alter its kinetic characteristics.The modulators of allosteric enzymes may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.. Many enzymes do not demonstrate hyperbolic saturation kinetics or typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Graphs of initial velocity vs. substrate demonstrate the sigmoidal dependence of V on S, much as we DNA POLYMERASE: STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS IN PRO AND EUKARYOTES The now-classic experiments of Meselson and Stahl proved that DNA replication is semi-conservative, in that each of the sister molecules inherits one strand of the parental DNA.. It would have been perfectly possible to imagine a conservative mechanism, where the two strands of the molecule daughter have been synthesized de-novo, using parental strand as a template. REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS) Repetitive DNA was originally found by denaturing genomic DNA (making it single-stranded) and then measuring the rate of renaturation. It was found that two classes of DNA sequence existed, the repetitive sequences which renature more quickly and unique sequences whichrenature slowly
WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS AND SYSTEMS IN HUMANS? Bicarbonate—CO 2 buffer: The most important physiological buffers in the body are the bicarbonate–CO 2 system, the large anion complexes such as plasma proteins and phosphates and hemoglobin in cells. In all of these, the essential reaction is: H + + buffer ⇔ H-buffer. If hydrogen ion increases, then it combines with the buffer, if it decreases, some hydrogen ions are released from the. WHAT ARE THE BASICS OF PH CONCEPT AND ITS IMPORTANCE? The pH Concept: The nature of the solution (acidic, alkaline (or) neutral) can be represented in terms of either hydrogen ion concentration (or) hydroxyl ion concentration. This naturally explains the pH concept. In 1909, Sorenson used a logarithmic scale for expressing the H+ concentration. RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATION Hydrophobic interaction in protein – Basics and Structure; Peptide Bond Is Planar Because the torsional angles of each residue in a peptide define the geometry of its attachment to its two adjacent residues by positioning its planar peptide bond relative to the two adjacent planar peptide bonds, thereby the torsional angles determine the conformation of the residues and the peptide. DNA DAMAGE: WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF DNA DAMAGE AND ITS TYPES? DNA damage is the commonest aspect at cellular levels and is the most important milestone in molecular biology and genetics. This discussedexam point of view.
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and "messengers" (hormones). THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
LAC OPERON : REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTESSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and "messengers" (hormones). THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
LAC OPERON : REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTESSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA ENZYME REGULATION: BASICS OF ENZYME REGULATION AND ITS TYPES Positive modulation. This is also part of Enzyme regulation. Positive allosteric modulation (sometimes called an allosteric activation) occurs when the binding of one ligand enhances the attraction between substrate molecules and other binding sites.; An example is the binding of oxygen molecules to hemoglobin, where oxygen is effectively both the substrate and the effector. ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIAL A Modulator is a metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alter its kinetic characteristics.The modulators of allosteric enzymes may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.. Many enzymes do not demonstrate hyperbolic saturation kinetics or typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Graphs of initial velocity vs. substrate demonstrate the sigmoidal dependence of V on S, much as we LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and “messengers” (hormones) that play roles in communications withinand between cells.
NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES: BASIC STRUCTURES OF NUCLEOSIDES Basic compositions of Nucleic acid structures: The basic structure of nucleic acids is Nitrogenous bases, the sugar moiety, and the Phosphate molecule. Nucleoside = Nitrogen base + Sugar. Nucleotide = Nucleoside (Nitrogen base + Sugar) + Phosphate molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATION Ramachandran plot is a plot of the torsional angles – phi (φ)and psi (ψ) – of the residues (amino acids) contained in a peptide. In sequence order, φ is the N (i-1),C (i),Ca (i),N (i) torsion angle and ψ is the C (i),Ca (i),N (i),C (i+1) torsion angle. The plot was developed in 1963 by G. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS? The term secondary structure refers to the interaction of the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor residues of the repeating peptide unit. The two most important secondary structure of proteins, the alpha helix, and the beta sheet were predicted by the American chemist Linus Pauling in the early 1950s.. Pauling and his associates recognized that folding of peptide chains, among other criteria METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and "messengers" (hormones). RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
WHAT ARE THE BASICS OF PH CONCEPT AND ITS IMPORTANCE? The pH Concept: The nature of the solution (acidic, alkaline (or) neutral) can be represented in terms of either hydrogen ion concentration (or) hydroxyl ion concentration. This naturally explains the pH concept. In 1909, Sorenson used a logarithmic scale for expressing the H+ concentration. WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS? The term secondary structure refers to the interaction of the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor residues of the repeating peptide unit. The two most important secondary structure of proteins, the alpha helix, and the beta sheet were predicted by the American chemist Linus Pauling in the early 1950s.. Pauling and his associates recognized that folding of peptide chains, among other criteria DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and "messengers" (hormones). RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
WHAT ARE THE BASICS OF PH CONCEPT AND ITS IMPORTANCE? The pH Concept: The nature of the solution (acidic, alkaline (or) neutral) can be represented in terms of either hydrogen ion concentration (or) hydroxyl ion concentration. This naturally explains the pH concept. In 1909, Sorenson used a logarithmic scale for expressing the H+ concentration. WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS? The term secondary structure refers to the interaction of the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor residues of the repeating peptide unit. The two most important secondary structure of proteins, the alpha helix, and the beta sheet were predicted by the American chemist Linus Pauling in the early 1950s.. Pauling and his associates recognized that folding of peptide chains, among other criteria CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA ENZYME REGULATION: BASICS OF ENZYME REGULATION AND ITS TYPES Positive modulation. This is also part of Enzyme regulation. Positive allosteric modulation (sometimes called an allosteric activation) occurs when the binding of one ligand enhances the attraction between substrate molecules and other binding sites.; An example is the binding of oxygen molecules to hemoglobin, where oxygen is effectively both the substrate and the effector. LAC OPERON : REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES There are three structural genes clustered together in Lac Operon. (An operon is a unit of bacterial or Prokaryotic gene expression and regulation, comprising structural genes and control elements (regulator genes), in DNA which is recognized by the regulatory proteins). The genes are Lac Z, LacY, and Lac A. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates, This chapter explains the classification of carbohydrates-Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). WHAT ARE THE BASICS OF PH CONCEPT AND ITS IMPORTANCE? The pH Concept: The nature of the solution (acidic, alkaline (or) neutral) can be represented in terms of either hydrogen ion concentration (or) hydroxyl ion concentration. This naturally explains the pH concept. In 1909, Sorenson used a logarithmic scale for expressing the H+ concentration. REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS) Repetitive DNA was originally found by denaturing genomic DNA (making it single-stranded) and then measuring the rate of renaturation. It was found that two classes of DNA sequence existed, the repetitive sequences which renature more quickly and unique sequences whichrenature slowly
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIAL A Modulator is a metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alter its kinetic characteristics.The modulators of allosteric enzymes may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.. Many enzymes do not demonstrate hyperbolic saturation kinetics or typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Graphs of initial velocity vs. substrate demonstrate the sigmoidal dependence of V on S, much as we DNA POLYMERASE: STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS IN PRO AND EUKARYOTES The DNA replication mechanism is catalyzed by the groups of enzymes. In the group of enzymes, DNA Polymerases are the major catalytic proteins with polymerization property by using Nucleotides like ATP, TTP, CTP, and GTP (not UTP). DNA Polymerases have the same function in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes but it has a difference in theirstructure.
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. COUPLING REACTIONS: IMPORTANCE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS When two systems are coupling reactions in this way, it is often convenient to treat them as a single system. In this example, the new system is the reaction represented by the glycolysis equation, with a – D G equal to the sum of values for the two processes contributing. Dehydrogenation reactions in biological systems are one of theexamples.
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
ENZYME REGULATION: BASICS OF ENZYME REGULATION AND ITS TYPESSEE MORE ON GOLIFESCIENCE.COM LAC OPERON : REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTESSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and "messengers" (hormones). CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
ENZYME REGULATION: BASICS OF ENZYME REGULATION AND ITS TYPESSEE MORE ON GOLIFESCIENCE.COM LAC OPERON : REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTESSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
LIPIDS: WHAT ARE LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL? Lipids are involved mainly in long-term energy storage. They are generally insoluble in polar substances such as water. Secondary functions of lipids include structural components (as in the case of phospholipids that are the major building block in cell membranes) and "messengers" (hormones). CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
LAC OPERON : REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES Lac A : Lac A codes for β-galactoside transacetylase, an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl~CoA to β-Galactosides.. The regulator genes for this cluster of three genes are the lac I gene, the lac O operator, and the LacP promoter.The entire system, comprising the structural genes and the regulatory (=control) elements, forms a common unit called the Lac Operon. ENZYME REGULATION: BASICS OF ENZYME REGULATION AND ITS TYPES Positive modulation. This is also part of Enzyme regulation. Positive allosteric modulation (sometimes called an allosteric activation) occurs when the binding of one ligand enhances the attraction between substrate molecules and other binding sites.; An example is the binding of oxygen molecules to hemoglobin, where oxygen is effectively both the substrate and the effector. CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA INTERRUPTED GENES: SPECIAL REGIONS IN THE DNA TO EXPRESS The precursor RNA for mRNA is known as heterogeneous RNA (hnRNA). Following the transcription, the intron sequences are removed and exons are joined to form a mature or functional RNA.This process is known as RNA splicing.For this reason, the RNA transcript in nucleus differs from the mRNA found in the cytoplasm for translation For each split gene only about 25% of hnRNA takes part in splicing CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
WHAT ARE THE BASICS OF PH CONCEPT AND ITS IMPORTANCE? The pH Concept: The nature of the solution (acidic, alkaline (or) neutral) can be represented in terms of either hydrogen ion concentration (or) hydroxyl ion concentration. This naturally explains the pH concept. In 1909, Sorenson used a logarithmic scale for expressing the H+ concentration. ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIAL A Modulator is a metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alter its kinetic characteristics.The modulators of allosteric enzymes may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.. Many enzymes do not demonstrate hyperbolic saturation kinetics or typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Graphs of initial velocity vs. substrate demonstrate the sigmoidal dependence of V on S, much as we RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATION Ramachandran plot is a plot of the torsional angles – phi (φ)and psi (ψ) – of the residues (amino acids) contained in a peptide. In sequence order, φ is the N (i-1),C (i),Ca (i),N (i) torsion angle and ψ is the C (i),Ca (i),N (i),C (i+1) torsion angle. The plot was developed in 1963 by G. DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
BRANCHES OF LIFE SCIENCES: 75+ BRANCHES AND THEIR MEANINGS? Pisces or Fishes; Amphibian: These are cold-blooded vertebrates that have to return to the water for breeding.They have some advancement overfishes. Reptilian: These are the first land animals with the vertebral column. Though they are cold-blooded (Temperature of the body changes with the change of atmospheric temperature) but have a more complex bony skeleton and highly organized blood WHAT IS OPERON? ROLE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (SHORT NOTES) An operon contains one or more structural genes that are generally transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA (a single mRNA molecule that codes for more than one protein).. However, the definition of an operon does not require the mRNA to be polycistronic, though, in practice, it usually is. ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIAL A Modulator is a metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alter its kinetic characteristics.The modulators of allosteric enzymes may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.. Many enzymes do not demonstrate hyperbolic saturation kinetics or typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Graphs of initial velocity vs. substrate demonstrate the sigmoidal dependence of V on S, much as we CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA GLYCOLYSIS: THE GLUCOSE OXIDATIVE PATHWAY AT CELLULAR LEVELS Glycolysis literally means "splitting of sugar". The pathway is also called "EMP Pathway" and "Glucose oxidative pathway". In glycolysis, Glucose (a six-carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of three-carbon sugar. Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP. The pathway has two phases. For more info. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES: BASIC STRUCTURES OF NUCLEOSIDES Basic compositions of Nucleic acid structures: The basic structure of nucleic acids is Nitrogenous bases, the sugar moiety, and the Phosphate molecule. Nucleoside = Nitrogen base + Sugar. Nucleotide = Nucleoside (Nitrogen base + Sugar) + Phosphate molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATION Ramachandran plot is a plot of the torsional angles – phi (φ)and psi (ψ) – of the residues (amino acids) contained in a peptide. In sequence order, φ is the N (i-1),C (i),Ca (i),N (i) torsion angle and ψ is the C (i),Ca (i),N (i),C (i+1) torsion angle. The plot was developed in 1963 by G. WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS AND SYSTEMS IN HUMANS? Bicarbonate—CO 2 buffer: The most important physiological buffers in the body are the bicarbonate–CO 2 system, the large anion complexes such as plasma proteins and phosphates and hemoglobin in cells. In all of these, the essential reaction is: H + + buffer ⇔ H-buffer. If hydrogen ion increases, then it combines with the buffer, if it decreases, some hydrogen ions are released from the. BUFFERS: WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF BUFFERS IN BIOLOGICAL Buffers are the mixture of weak acids and their salts of strong bases (or) the mixture of weak bases and their salts of strong acids.Buffers help to maintain a normal pH of the biological systems. When an acid (or) alkali has added the pH of the solution changes in the absence ofbuffers.
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
BRANCHES OF LIFE SCIENCES: 75+ BRANCHES AND THEIR MEANINGS? Pisces or Fishes; Amphibian: These are cold-blooded vertebrates that have to return to the water for breeding.They have some advancement overfishes. Reptilian: These are the first land animals with the vertebral column. Though they are cold-blooded (Temperature of the body changes with the change of atmospheric temperature) but have a more complex bony skeleton and highly organized blood WHAT IS OPERON? ROLE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (SHORT NOTES) An operon contains one or more structural genes that are generally transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA (a single mRNA molecule that codes for more than one protein).. However, the definition of an operon does not require the mRNA to be polycistronic, though, in practice, it usually is. ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIAL A Modulator is a metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alter its kinetic characteristics.The modulators of allosteric enzymes may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.. Many enzymes do not demonstrate hyperbolic saturation kinetics or typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Graphs of initial velocity vs. substrate demonstrate the sigmoidal dependence of V on S, much as we CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA GLYCOLYSIS: THE GLUCOSE OXIDATIVE PATHWAY AT CELLULAR LEVELS Glycolysis literally means "splitting of sugar". The pathway is also called "EMP Pathway" and "Glucose oxidative pathway". In glycolysis, Glucose (a six-carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of three-carbon sugar. Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP. The pathway has two phases. For more info. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES: BASIC STRUCTURES OF NUCLEOSIDES Basic compositions of Nucleic acid structures: The basic structure of nucleic acids is Nitrogenous bases, the sugar moiety, and the Phosphate molecule. Nucleoside = Nitrogen base + Sugar. Nucleotide = Nucleoside (Nitrogen base + Sugar) + Phosphate molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATION Ramachandran plot is a plot of the torsional angles – phi (φ)and psi (ψ) – of the residues (amino acids) contained in a peptide. In sequence order, φ is the N (i-1),C (i),Ca (i),N (i) torsion angle and ψ is the C (i),Ca (i),N (i),C (i+1) torsion angle. The plot was developed in 1963 by G. WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS AND SYSTEMS IN HUMANS? Bicarbonate—CO 2 buffer: The most important physiological buffers in the body are the bicarbonate–CO 2 system, the large anion complexes such as plasma proteins and phosphates and hemoglobin in cells. In all of these, the essential reaction is: H + + buffer ⇔ H-buffer. If hydrogen ion increases, then it combines with the buffer, if it decreases, some hydrogen ions are released from the. BUFFERS: WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF BUFFERS IN BIOLOGICAL Buffers are the mixture of weak acids and their salts of strong bases (or) the mixture of weak bases and their salts of strong acids.Buffers help to maintain a normal pH of the biological systems. When an acid (or) alkali has added the pH of the solution changes in the absence ofbuffers.
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
BRANCHES OF LIFE SCIENCES: 75+ BRANCHES AND THEIR MEANINGS? Pisces or Fishes; Amphibian: These are cold-blooded vertebrates that have to return to the water for breeding.They have some advancement overfishes. Reptilian: These are the first land animals with the vertebral column. Though they are cold-blooded (Temperature of the body changes with the change of atmospheric temperature) but have a more complex bony skeleton and highly organized blood WHAT IS OPERON? ROLE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (SHORT NOTES) An operon contains one or more structural genes that are generally transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA (a single mRNA molecule that codes for more than one protein).. However, the definition of an operon does not require the mRNA to be polycistronic, though, in practice, it usually is. ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIAL A Modulator is a metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alter its kinetic characteristics.The modulators of allosteric enzymes may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.. Many enzymes do not demonstrate hyperbolic saturation kinetics or typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Graphs of initial velocity vs. substrate demonstrate the sigmoidal dependence of V on S, much as we CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA GLYCOLYSIS: THE GLUCOSE OXIDATIVE PATHWAY AT CELLULAR LEVELS Glycolysis literally means "splitting of sugar". The pathway is also called "EMP Pathway" and "Glucose oxidative pathway". In glycolysis, Glucose (a six-carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of three-carbon sugar. Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP. The pathway has two phases. For more info. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES: BASIC STRUCTURES OF NUCLEOSIDES Basic compositions of Nucleic acid structures: The basic structure of nucleic acids is Nitrogenous bases, the sugar moiety, and the Phosphate molecule. Nucleoside = Nitrogen base + Sugar. Nucleotide = Nucleoside (Nitrogen base + Sugar) + Phosphate molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATION Ramachandran plot is a plot of the torsional angles – phi (φ)and psi (ψ) – of the residues (amino acids) contained in a peptide. In sequence order, φ is the N (i-1),C (i),Ca (i),N (i) torsion angle and ψ is the C (i),Ca (i),N (i),C (i+1) torsion angle. The plot was developed in 1963 by G. WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS AND SYSTEMS IN HUMANS? Bicarbonate—CO 2 buffer: The most important physiological buffers in the body are the bicarbonate–CO 2 system, the large anion complexes such as plasma proteins and phosphates and hemoglobin in cells. In all of these, the essential reaction is: H + + buffer ⇔ H-buffer. If hydrogen ion increases, then it combines with the buffer, if it decreases, some hydrogen ions are released from the. BUFFERS: WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF BUFFERS IN BIOLOGICAL Buffers are the mixture of weak acids and their salts of strong bases (or) the mixture of weak bases and their salts of strong acids.Buffers help to maintain a normal pH of the biological systems. When an acid (or) alkali has added the pH of the solution changes in the absence ofbuffers.
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
DIAGNOSTIC ENZYMES: 3 SERUM MARKERS IN CLINICAL ANALYSISSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME The chromosomes are mainly composed of nucleic acids and proteins. The DNA and hist-protein combine together and form deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is 90% of the chromosome, DNA being 35%and histone protein about 55%. The remaining 10% part CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TREATMENTS? A common type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy, which occurs when a person has three copies instead of two, of a specific chromosome. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Usually, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21. In most cases, the embryos have a wrong number of chromosomes do not survive. CARBOHYDRATES : BASIC CLASSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES (REFERANCE) Carbohydrates : Classification and its Basics. The carbohydrates are an important class of naturally occurring organic compounds These include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (Honey sugar), Sucrose (Cane sugar), Starch and cellulose (wood). They are all composed of C, H and O. In general, carbohydrates can be represented by the formula C m (H2
ENZYME KINETICS: KINETIC STUDY OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme’s kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, howits
ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIALSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION IN BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES It (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as Double-strandedRNA viruses.
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON AND ITS FUNCTIONS? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, according to their relative position in the cortex. 1. The Superficial Nephrons. Which occupies the outer two-thirds of the cortex and made up of about 85% of the total number, which is smallerand
REPETITIVE DNA: DEFINITION, LOCATION AND STRUCTURE (BASICS)SEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATIONSEE MORE ONGOLIFESCIENCE.COM
BRANCHES OF LIFE SCIENCES: 75+ BRANCHES AND THEIR MEANINGS? Pisces or Fishes; Amphibian: These are cold-blooded vertebrates that have to return to the water for breeding.They have some advancement overfishes. Reptilian: These are the first land animals with the vertebral column. Though they are cold-blooded (Temperature of the body changes with the change of atmospheric temperature) but have a more complex bony skeleton and highly organized blood WHAT IS OPERON? ROLE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (SHORT NOTES) An operon contains one or more structural genes that are generally transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA (a single mRNA molecule that codes for more than one protein).. However, the definition of an operon does not require the mRNA to be polycistronic, though, in practice, it usually is. ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES: HOW THEY ARE WORKING AS SPECIAL A Modulator is a metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alter its kinetic characteristics.The modulators of allosteric enzymes may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.. Many enzymes do not demonstrate hyperbolic saturation kinetics or typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Graphs of initial velocity vs. substrate demonstrate the sigmoidal dependence of V on S, much as we CAP STRUCTURE IN MRNA: BASICS STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION Cap structure in mRNA (Guanyl cap) is a chemical modification of mRNA molecules in eukaryotes, which drastically increases the stability of RNA and important for the transport of the RNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and the subsequent translation of mRNAs by the ribosomes.. RNA Polymerase: The Enzyme Structure and Its Types; Deoxyribonucleic acid its Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA GLYCOLYSIS: THE GLUCOSE OXIDATIVE PATHWAY AT CELLULAR LEVELS Glycolysis literally means "splitting of sugar". The pathway is also called "EMP Pathway" and "Glucose oxidative pathway". In glycolysis, Glucose (a six-carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of three-carbon sugar. Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP. The pathway has two phases. For more info. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES: BASIC STRUCTURES OF NUCLEOSIDES Basic compositions of Nucleic acid structures: The basic structure of nucleic acids is Nitrogenous bases, the sugar moiety, and the Phosphate molecule. Nucleoside = Nitrogen base + Sugar. Nucleotide = Nucleoside (Nitrogen base + Sugar) + Phosphate molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of RAMACHANDRAN PLOT : BASIC OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN CONFORMATION Ramachandran plot is a plot of the torsional angles – phi (φ)and psi (ψ) – of the residues (amino acids) contained in a peptide. In sequence order, φ is the N (i-1),C (i),Ca (i),N (i) torsion angle and ψ is the C (i),Ca (i),N (i),C (i+1) torsion angle. The plot was developed in 1963 by G. WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS AND SYSTEMS IN HUMANS? Bicarbonate—CO 2 buffer: The most important physiological buffers in the body are the bicarbonate–CO 2 system, the large anion complexes such as plasma proteins and phosphates and hemoglobin in cells. In all of these, the essential reaction is: H + + buffer ⇔ H-buffer. If hydrogen ion increases, then it combines with the buffer, if it decreases, some hydrogen ions are released from the. BUFFERS: WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF BUFFERS IN BIOLOGICAL Buffers are the mixture of weak acids and their salts of strong bases (or) the mixture of weak bases and their salts of strong acids.Buffers help to maintain a normal pH of the biological systems. When an acid (or) alkali has added the pH of the solution changes in the absence ofbuffers.
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS IN HUMANS (SHORT GUIDE) The major aspects of the metabolism of lipids are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis.Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the metabolism of carbohydrates which may be converted to fats. This can be seen in the diagram on the left. The metabolism of both is upset bydiabetes mellitus.
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WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS? The term secondary structure refers to the interaction of the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. MEIOSIS: THE PROCESS OF GERM CELL DIVISION Meiosis, or reduction division, is a process during which exchange of genetic material between the. WHAT ARE VACUOLES? WHY THESE ARE CALLED STORAGE BUBBLES? The vacuole holds large amounts of water or food. Don’t forget thatthese can also.
WHAT IS MUSCLE? STRUCTURE, TYPES AND ITS FUNCTION Muscle is a contractile tissue. Muscle cells are specialized for contractile ability. The characteristic property. WHAT IS MITOSIS? STEPS OF MITOSIS AND IMPORTANCE Mitosis is the simplest type of cell division, which is responsiblefor the growth of.
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS ? EXPLAIN THE THERMODYNAMIC LAWS? Energy exists in many forms, such as heat, light, chemical energy, and electrical energy. Energy. LYSOSOMES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS Lysosomes (Laso = dissolving; some = body) are membrane-bound spherical organelles containing lysosomal enzymes, that.1 2 … 17
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