S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

A LONG-WAVE SWR METER A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

FIELD STRENGTH AND RECEIVED POWER TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

A LONG-WAVE SWR METER A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

FIELD STRENGTH AND RECEIVED POWER TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH FIELD REGIONS AROUND AN ANTENNA Determining the size of the regions. The reactive near-field region radius r 1 is determined by the following equation: . Where d is the maximum dimension of the antenna and λ is the wavelength.. The radiating near-field region radius r 2 is defined by the following equation: . Of course, λ can be found with: Where f is the frequency and c 0 is the speed of light, c 0 = 299'792'458 m/s. ROLL LENGTH CALCULATOR Derivation of the exact formula. To calculate the exact length of the spiral, we write the equation of the curve in polar coordinates: Here ρ is the distance between the axis as a function of the angle φ.φ is expressed in radians and is 0 at the beginning and increases by 2π every turn. So, every turn the radius ρ increases by h.. To calculate φ we proceed as we did before to calculate N FIELD STRENGTH AND RECEIVED POWER With this information, we can calculate the electric field strength E = 1.1 mV/m, the magnetic field strength H = 2.9 μA/m and the power density S = 3.2 nW/m2 . If we wanted to know what is the received power by this same mobile phone when the electric field strength is, say, 1 V/m, we can use the calculator in the other way and we get Pr A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER Introduction. A VU-meter is a very common instrument usually installed on audio Hi-Fi amplifiers and is used to show the instantaneous power provided to the speakers. It is usually connected at the output of the amplifier, in parallel with the speaker. The term "VU" stands for Volume Unit and should be defined with 0 VU being equal to +4 dBm A LONG-WAVE SWR METER The Ferroxcube TN25/15/10-3F3 toroidal ferrite core was selected, mainly because it was available in the junk box. This core has an A L of 1.84 μH, a μ of 1800, has an external diameter of 25.8 mm, an internal diameter of 14 mm and is 10.6 mm high. It's important to use a core with a high A L and a high μ in order to get enough inductance

with 25 turns.

THE BEROMÜNSTER MAIN ANTENNA SIMULATION The main antenna of the Beromünster transmitter is a self supporting tower 215 m high. Its base is insulated from ground and connected to the feeder via a matching network. At 150 m above ground a variable coil is inserted in series with the mast and adjusted for the desired radiation pattern. On top of the antenna there is a small capacitive

hat.

POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELS The most common unit is the dBm (pronounce "d-B-m") also known as dBmW or decibel-milliwatt: it's just the power level in dB compared to a reference power of p0 = 1 mW. Sometimes also dBW are used and they express the power ratio relative to p0 = 1 W, but they are not very common. As shown in the above plot, the logarithmic effect of the AMATEUR RADIO INFORMAL Q-CODE Amateur radio international Q-code. Amateur radio operators use a subset of the full international Q-code and they use it extensively still today. In many countries, learning this code is necessary to obtain a ham radio license; the exact subset used may slightly vary from country to country. EXTRAPOLATING EXPONENTIAL DECAY FUNCTIONS AND TEMPERATURE The "thermometer problem" Let's take the example of measuring the temperature of a liquid. We call T c the temperature of the liquid and this is the value we are looking for. Now, we have a thermometer that is initially at a different temperature, T 0.When we put the thermometer in the liquid, heat is transferred between the liquid and the thermometer until the latter reaches the same BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURE Backbody radiation in the visible spectrum at 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250 K. As one can see, as the temperature increases, the portion of short wavelengths emitted increases as well. At 800 K, only some red wavelengths can be seen, but at higher temperatures orange and yellow start to appear and at

1'250 K there is

WELCOME ON GIANGRANDI.CH Page hits: 630183 Created: 10.2002: Last update: 08.2020 S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CRYSTAL PARAMETERS CALCULATOR Now connect the crystal directly (position 3) and look for maximum output (frequency f s3) and also for the minimum one (frequency f p ). The frequency response of this filter looks something like the figure above. You will always get f s3 < f s2 < f s1 < f p. Now, just enter those values in the form below and hit the "calculate" button. CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

THE BEROMÜNSTER TRANSMITTER The Beromünster transmitter started broadcasting on May 1 st, 1931 with a power of 60 kW and a frequency of 556 kHz (539.6 m). In 1933 the power was increased to 100 kW. In 1939 a new anti-fading antenna was built. In 1947 the power was increased to 200 kW. In 1948 as a consequence of the Copenhagen frequency plan, the transmitter was

moved to

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

MEASURING THE Q-FACTOR OF A RESONATOR WITH THE RING-DOWNSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

WELCOME ON GIANGRANDI.CH Page hits: 630183 Created: 10.2002: Last update: 08.2020 S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CRYSTAL PARAMETERS CALCULATOR Now connect the crystal directly (position 3) and look for maximum output (frequency f s3) and also for the minimum one (frequency f p ). The frequency response of this filter looks something like the figure above. You will always get f s3 < f s2 < f s1 < f p. Now, just enter those values in the form below and hit the "calculate" button. CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

THE BEROMÜNSTER TRANSMITTER The Beromünster transmitter started broadcasting on May 1 st, 1931 with a power of 60 kW and a frequency of 556 kHz (539.6 m). In 1933 the power was increased to 100 kW. In 1939 a new anti-fading antenna was built. In 1947 the power was increased to 200 kW. In 1948 as a consequence of the Copenhagen frequency plan, the transmitter was

moved to

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

MEASURING THE Q-FACTOR OF A RESONATOR WITH THE RING-DOWNSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

WELCOME ON GIANGRANDI.CH Page hits: 630183 Created: 10.2002: Last update: 08.2020 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER Introduction. A VU-meter is a very common instrument usually installed on audio Hi-Fi amplifiers and is used to show the instantaneous power provided to the speakers. It is usually connected at the output of the amplifier, in parallel with the speaker. The term "VU" stands for Volume Unit and should be defined with 0 VU being equal to +4 dBm A LONG-WAVE SWR METER The Ferroxcube TN25/15/10-3F3 toroidal ferrite core was selected, mainly because it was available in the junk box. This core has an A L of 1.84 μH, a μ of 1800, has an external diameter of 25.8 mm, an internal diameter of 14 mm and is 10.6 mm high. It's important to use a core with a high A L and a high μ in order to get enough inductance

with 25 turns.

POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELS The most common unit is the dBm (pronounce "d-B-m") also known as dBmW or decibel-milliwatt: it's just the power level in dB compared to a reference power of p0 = 1 mW. Sometimes also dBW are used and they express the power ratio relative to p0 = 1 W, but they are not very common. As shown in the above plot, the logarithmic effect of the AMATEUR RADIO INFORMAL Q-CODE Amateur radio international Q-code. Amateur radio operators use a subset of the full international Q-code and they use it extensively still today. In many countries, learning this code is necessary to obtain a ham radio license; the exact subset used may slightly vary from country to country. FIELD STRENGTH AND RECEIVED POWER With this information, we can calculate the electric field strength E = 1.1 mV/m, the magnetic field strength H = 2.9 μA/m and the power density S = 3.2 nW/m2 . If we wanted to know what is the received power by this same mobile phone when the electric field strength is, say, 1 V/m, we can use the calculator in the other way and we get Pr

THE TANDEM MATCH

The "tandem match coupler" or "Sontheimer bridge" is a very interesting and tricky circuit. It was invented by C. G. Sontheimer in 1966 (patent number US 3,426,298) and derives directly from the telephone hybrid that was known long before. It's more a directional coupler than an impedance bridge. BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURE Backbody radiation in the visible spectrum at 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250 K. As one can see, as the temperature increases, the portion of short wavelengths emitted increases as well. At 800 K, only some red wavelengths can be seen, but at higher temperatures orange and yellow start to appear and at

1'250 K there is

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHOD The three voltmeters method. Power factor meters exist, but are difficult to find and are hardly ever available on the home-brewer workbench. Even if you have an oscilloscope, it's still a tricky measurement to do: oscilloscopes are internally grounded and cannot be directly connected to the AC mains; floating the oscilloscope with an isolation transformer is a dangerous operation, since the WELCOME ON GIANGRANDI.CH Page hits: 630183 Created: 10.2002: Last update: 08.2020 S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CRYSTAL PARAMETERS CALCULATOR Now connect the crystal directly (position 3) and look for maximum output (frequency f s3) and also for the minimum one (frequency f p ). The frequency response of this filter looks something like the figure above. You will always get f s3 < f s2 < f s1 < f p. Now, just enter those values in the form below and hit the "calculate" button. CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

THE BEROMÜNSTER TRANSMITTER The Beromünster transmitter started broadcasting on May 1 st, 1931 with a power of 60 kW and a frequency of 556 kHz (539.6 m). In 1933 the power was increased to 100 kW. In 1939 a new anti-fading antenna was built. In 1947 the power was increased to 200 kW. In 1948 as a consequence of the Copenhagen frequency plan, the transmitter was

moved to

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

MEASURING THE Q-FACTOR OF A RESONATOR WITH THE RING-DOWNSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

WELCOME ON GIANGRANDI.CH Page hits: 630183 Created: 10.2002: Last update: 08.2020 S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CRYSTAL PARAMETERS CALCULATOR Now connect the crystal directly (position 3) and look for maximum output (frequency f s3) and also for the minimum one (frequency f p ). The frequency response of this filter looks something like the figure above. You will always get f s3 < f s2 < f s1 < f p. Now, just enter those values in the form below and hit the "calculate" button. CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

THE BEROMÜNSTER TRANSMITTER The Beromünster transmitter started broadcasting on May 1 st, 1931 with a power of 60 kW and a frequency of 556 kHz (539.6 m). In 1933 the power was increased to 100 kW. In 1939 a new anti-fading antenna was built. In 1947 the power was increased to 200 kW. In 1948 as a consequence of the Copenhagen frequency plan, the transmitter was

moved to

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

MEASURING THE Q-FACTOR OF A RESONATOR WITH THE RING-DOWNSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

WELCOME ON GIANGRANDI.CH Page hits: 630183 Created: 10.2002: Last update: 08.2020 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER Introduction. A VU-meter is a very common instrument usually installed on audio Hi-Fi amplifiers and is used to show the instantaneous power provided to the speakers. It is usually connected at the output of the amplifier, in parallel with the speaker. The term "VU" stands for Volume Unit and should be defined with 0 VU being equal to +4 dBm A LONG-WAVE SWR METER The Ferroxcube TN25/15/10-3F3 toroidal ferrite core was selected, mainly because it was available in the junk box. This core has an A L of 1.84 μH, a μ of 1800, has an external diameter of 25.8 mm, an internal diameter of 14 mm and is 10.6 mm high. It's important to use a core with a high A L and a high μ in order to get enough inductance

with 25 turns.

POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELS The most common unit is the dBm (pronounce "d-B-m") also known as dBmW or decibel-milliwatt: it's just the power level in dB compared to a reference power of p0 = 1 mW. Sometimes also dBW are used and they express the power ratio relative to p0 = 1 W, but they are not very common. As shown in the above plot, the logarithmic effect of the AMATEUR RADIO INFORMAL Q-CODE Amateur radio international Q-code. Amateur radio operators use a subset of the full international Q-code and they use it extensively still today. In many countries, learning this code is necessary to obtain a ham radio license; the exact subset used may slightly vary from country to country. FIELD STRENGTH AND RECEIVED POWER With this information, we can calculate the electric field strength E = 1.1 mV/m, the magnetic field strength H = 2.9 μA/m and the power density S = 3.2 nW/m2 . If we wanted to know what is the received power by this same mobile phone when the electric field strength is, say, 1 V/m, we can use the calculator in the other way and we get Pr

THE TANDEM MATCH

The "tandem match coupler" or "Sontheimer bridge" is a very interesting and tricky circuit. It was invented by C. G. Sontheimer in 1966 (patent number US 3,426,298) and derives directly from the telephone hybrid that was known long before. It's more a directional coupler than an impedance bridge. BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURE Backbody radiation in the visible spectrum at 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250 K. As one can see, as the temperature increases, the portion of short wavelengths emitted increases as well. At 800 K, only some red wavelengths can be seen, but at higher temperatures orange and yellow start to appear and at

1'250 K there is

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHOD The three voltmeters method. Power factor meters exist, but are difficult to find and are hardly ever available on the home-brewer workbench. Even if you have an oscilloscope, it's still a tricky measurement to do: oscilloscopes are internally grounded and cannot be directly connected to the AC mains; floating the oscilloscope with an isolation transformer is a dangerous operation, since the S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

ROLL LENGTH CALCULATOR MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Next events: Last quarter: in 4 days 2 hours 48 minutes, on Wednesday, June 2, 2021 at 0:24. New moon: in 12 days 6 hours 17 minutes, on Thursday, June 10, 2021 at 3:53 Annular Solar Eclipse. First quarter: in 19 days 23 hours 18 minutes, on Thursday, June 17, 2021 at 20:54. Full moon: in 26 days 14 hours 4 minutes, on Thursday, June 24, 2021 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELSSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

ROLL LENGTH CALCULATOR MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Next events: Last quarter: in 4 days 2 hours 48 minutes, on Wednesday, June 2, 2021 at 0:24. New moon: in 12 days 6 hours 17 minutes, on Thursday, June 10, 2021 at 3:53 Annular Solar Eclipse. First quarter: in 19 days 23 hours 18 minutes, on Thursday, June 17, 2021 at 20:54. Full moon: in 26 days 14 hours 4 minutes, on Thursday, June 24, 2021 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELSSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. FIELD REGIONS AROUND AN ANTENNA Determining the size of the regions. The reactive near-field region radius r 1 is determined by the following equation: . Where d is the maximum dimension of the antenna and λ is the wavelength.. The radiating near-field region radius r 2 is defined by the following equation: . Of course, λ can be found with: Where f is the frequency and c 0 is the speed of light, c 0 = 299'792'458 m/s. MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Introduction. If you like mechanical watches, sooner or later you'll have to adjust a moon-phase dial. The way this dial work is usually very simple: a gear ratio of 118:1 driven by the hour wheel simply makes the dial rotate by half a turn every 29.5 days. THE BEROMÜNSTER MAIN ANTENNA SIMULATION The main antenna of the Beromünster transmitter is a self supporting tower 215 m high. Its base is insulated from ground and connected to the feeder via a matching network. At 150 m above ground a variable coil is inserted in series with the mast and adjusted for the desired radiation pattern. On top of the antenna there is a small capacitive

hat.

A LONG-WAVE SWR METER The Ferroxcube TN25/15/10-3F3 toroidal ferrite core was selected, mainly because it was available in the junk box. This core has an A L of 1.84 μH, a μ of 1800, has an external diameter of 25.8 mm, an internal diameter of 14 mm and is 10.6 mm high. It's important to use a core with a high A L and a high μ in order to get enough inductance

with 25 turns.

FIELD STRENGTH AND RECEIVED POWER With this information, we can calculate the electric field strength E = 1.1 mV/m, the magnetic field strength H = 2.9 μA/m and the power density S = 3.2 nW/m2 . If we wanted to know what is the received power by this same mobile phone when the electric field strength is, say, 1 V/m, we can use the calculator in the other way and we get Pr A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER Introduction. A VU-meter is a very common instrument usually installed on audio Hi-Fi amplifiers and is used to show the instantaneous power provided to the speakers. It is usually connected at the output of the amplifier, in parallel with the speaker. The term "VU" stands for Volume Unit and should be defined with 0 VU being equal to +4 dBm AMATEUR RADIO INFORMAL Q-CODE Amateur radio international Q-code. Amateur radio operators use a subset of the full international Q-code and they use it extensively still today. In many countries, learning this code is necessary to obtain a ham radio license; the exact subset used may slightly vary from country to country. THEORETICAL MAXIMUM GAIN AND BANDWIDTH OF AN ANTENNA Setting a to 22 mm, for the 1800 MHz band, we find a theoretical maximum gain of 3.7 dBi and a maximum Q of 3, which is still too low for deducing any bandwidth. Repeating the same calculation for the 900 MHz band, we find a theoretical maximum gain of 0 dBi and a maximum Q of 16.4 providing a maximum bandwidth of 55 MHz. EXTRAPOLATING EXPONENTIAL DECAY FUNCTIONS AND TEMPERATURE The "thermometer problem" Let's take the example of measuring the temperature of a liquid. We call T c the temperature of the liquid and this is the value we are looking for. Now, we have a thermometer that is initially at a different temperature, T 0.When we put the thermometer in the liquid, heat is transferred between the liquid and the thermometer until the latter reaches the same S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

ROLL LENGTH CALCULATOR MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Next events: Last quarter: in 4 days 2 hours 48 minutes, on Wednesday, June 2, 2021 at 0:24. New moon: in 12 days 6 hours 17 minutes, on Thursday, June 10, 2021 at 3:53 Annular Solar Eclipse. First quarter: in 19 days 23 hours 18 minutes, on Thursday, June 17, 2021 at 20:54. Full moon: in 26 days 14 hours 4 minutes, on Thursday, June 24, 2021 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELSSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

ROLL LENGTH CALCULATOR MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Next events: Last quarter: in 4 days 2 hours 48 minutes, on Wednesday, June 2, 2021 at 0:24. New moon: in 12 days 6 hours 17 minutes, on Thursday, June 10, 2021 at 3:53 Annular Solar Eclipse. First quarter: in 19 days 23 hours 18 minutes, on Thursday, June 17, 2021 at 20:54. Full moon: in 26 days 14 hours 4 minutes, on Thursday, June 24, 2021 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELSSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. FIELD REGIONS AROUND AN ANTENNA Determining the size of the regions. The reactive near-field region radius r 1 is determined by the following equation: . Where d is the maximum dimension of the antenna and λ is the wavelength.. The radiating near-field region radius r 2 is defined by the following equation: . Of course, λ can be found with: Where f is the frequency and c 0 is the speed of light, c 0 = 299'792'458 m/s. MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Introduction. If you like mechanical watches, sooner or later you'll have to adjust a moon-phase dial. The way this dial work is usually very simple: a gear ratio of 118:1 driven by the hour wheel simply makes the dial rotate by half a turn every 29.5 days. THE BEROMÜNSTER MAIN ANTENNA SIMULATION The main antenna of the Beromünster transmitter is a self supporting tower 215 m high. Its base is insulated from ground and connected to the feeder via a matching network. At 150 m above ground a variable coil is inserted in series with the mast and adjusted for the desired radiation pattern. On top of the antenna there is a small capacitive

hat.

A LONG-WAVE SWR METER The Ferroxcube TN25/15/10-3F3 toroidal ferrite core was selected, mainly because it was available in the junk box. This core has an A L of 1.84 μH, a μ of 1800, has an external diameter of 25.8 mm, an internal diameter of 14 mm and is 10.6 mm high. It's important to use a core with a high A L and a high μ in order to get enough inductance

with 25 turns.

A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER Introduction. A VU-meter is a very common instrument usually installed on audio Hi-Fi amplifiers and is used to show the instantaneous power provided to the speakers. It is usually connected at the output of the amplifier, in parallel with the speaker. The term "VU" stands for Volume Unit and should be defined with 0 VU being equal to +4 dBm AMATEUR RADIO INFORMAL Q-CODE Amateur radio international Q-code. Amateur radio operators use a subset of the full international Q-code and they use it extensively still today. In many countries, learning this code is necessary to obtain a ham radio license; the exact subset used may slightly vary from country to country. FIELD STRENGTH AND RECEIVED POWER With this information, we can calculate the electric field strength E = 1.1 mV/m, the magnetic field strength H = 2.9 μA/m and the power density S = 3.2 nW/m2 . If we wanted to know what is the received power by this same mobile phone when the electric field strength is, say, 1 V/m, we can use the calculator in the other way and we get Pr EXTRAPOLATING EXPONENTIAL DECAY FUNCTIONS AND TEMPERATURE The "thermometer problem" Let's take the example of measuring the temperature of a liquid. We call T c the temperature of the liquid and this is the value we are looking for. Now, we have a thermometer that is initially at a different temperature, T 0.When we put the thermometer in the liquid, heat is transferred between the liquid and the thermometer until the latter reaches the same CALCULATING MAINS FREQUENCY POWER TRANSFORMERS Introduction. In this page a simple method of calculating mains frequency closed-core power transformers. This is intended for home brewing, repairing and modifying transformers. Please remark that even if this method and some equations could be generalized, only classical cores composed by steel plates are taken into account. S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

ROLL LENGTH CALCULATOR MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Next events: Last quarter: in 4 days 2 hours 48 minutes, on Wednesday, June 2, 2021 at 0:24. New moon: in 12 days 6 hours 17 minutes, on Thursday, June 10, 2021 at 3:53 Annular Solar Eclipse. First quarter: in 19 days 23 hours 18 minutes, on Thursday, June 17, 2021 at 20:54. Full moon: in 26 days 14 hours 4 minutes, on Thursday, June 24, 2021 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELSSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

ROLL LENGTH CALCULATOR MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Next events: Last quarter: in 4 days 2 hours 48 minutes, on Wednesday, June 2, 2021 at 0:24. New moon: in 12 days 6 hours 17 minutes, on Thursday, June 10, 2021 at 3:53 Annular Solar Eclipse. First quarter: in 19 days 23 hours 18 minutes, on Thursday, June 17, 2021 at 20:54. Full moon: in 26 days 14 hours 4 minutes, on Thursday, June 24, 2021 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELSSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. FIELD REGIONS AROUND AN ANTENNA Determining the size of the regions. The reactive near-field region radius r 1 is determined by the following equation: . Where d is the maximum dimension of the antenna and λ is the wavelength.. The radiating near-field region radius r 2 is defined by the following equation: . Of course, λ can be found with: Where f is the frequency and c 0 is the speed of light, c 0 = 299'792'458 m/s. MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Introduction. If you like mechanical watches, sooner or later you'll have to adjust a moon-phase dial. The way this dial work is usually very simple: a gear ratio of 118:1 driven by the hour wheel simply makes the dial rotate by half a turn every 29.5 days. THE BEROMÜNSTER MAIN ANTENNA SIMULATION The main antenna of the Beromünster transmitter is a self supporting tower 215 m high. Its base is insulated from ground and connected to the feeder via a matching network. At 150 m above ground a variable coil is inserted in series with the mast and adjusted for the desired radiation pattern. On top of the antenna there is a small capacitive

hat.

A LONG-WAVE SWR METER The Ferroxcube TN25/15/10-3F3 toroidal ferrite core was selected, mainly because it was available in the junk box. This core has an A L of 1.84 μH, a μ of 1800, has an external diameter of 25.8 mm, an internal diameter of 14 mm and is 10.6 mm high. It's important to use a core with a high A L and a high μ in order to get enough inductance

with 25 turns.

A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER Introduction. A VU-meter is a very common instrument usually installed on audio Hi-Fi amplifiers and is used to show the instantaneous power provided to the speakers. It is usually connected at the output of the amplifier, in parallel with the speaker. The term "VU" stands for Volume Unit and should be defined with 0 VU being equal to +4 dBm AMATEUR RADIO INFORMAL Q-CODE Amateur radio international Q-code. Amateur radio operators use a subset of the full international Q-code and they use it extensively still today. In many countries, learning this code is necessary to obtain a ham radio license; the exact subset used may slightly vary from country to country. FIELD STRENGTH AND RECEIVED POWER With this information, we can calculate the electric field strength E = 1.1 mV/m, the magnetic field strength H = 2.9 μA/m and the power density S = 3.2 nW/m2 . If we wanted to know what is the received power by this same mobile phone when the electric field strength is, say, 1 V/m, we can use the calculator in the other way and we get Pr EXTRAPOLATING EXPONENTIAL DECAY FUNCTIONS AND TEMPERATURE The "thermometer problem" Let's take the example of measuring the temperature of a liquid. We call T c the temperature of the liquid and this is the value we are looking for. Now, we have a thermometer that is initially at a different temperature, T 0.When we put the thermometer in the liquid, heat is transferred between the liquid and the thermometer until the latter reaches the same CALCULATING MAINS FREQUENCY POWER TRANSFORMERS Introduction. In this page a simple method of calculating mains frequency closed-core power transformers. This is intended for home brewing, repairing and modifying transformers. Please remark that even if this method and some equations could be generalized, only classical cores composed by steel plates are taken into account. S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

THE BEROMÜNSTER MAIN ANTENNA SIMULATION The main antenna of the Beromünster transmitter is a self supporting tower 215 m high. Its base is insulated from ground and connected to the feeder via a matching network. At 150 m above ground a variable coil is inserted in series with the mast and adjusted for the desired radiation pattern. On top of the antenna there is a small capacitive

hat.

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER THE BEROMÜNSTER TRANSMITTER The Beromünster transmitter started broadcasting on May 1 st, 1931 with a power of 60 kW and a frequency of 556 kHz (539.6 m). In 1933 the power was increased to 100 kW. In 1939 a new anti-fading antenna was built. In 1947 the power was increased to 200 kW. In 1948 as a consequence of the Copenhagen frequency plan, the transmitter was

moved to

EXTRAPOLATING EXPONENTIAL DECAY FUNCTIONS AND TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CHDETERMINING POWER FACTORHOME POWER FACTORPOWER FACTOR TESTPOWER FACTOR UNITWHAT IS THE POWER FACTORWHAT IS A POWER FACTOR S-METER AND SIGNAL STRENGTH The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports. S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time

the voltage

THE BEROMÜNSTER MAIN ANTENNA SIMULATION The main antenna of the Beromünster transmitter is a self supporting tower 215 m high. Its base is insulated from ground and connected to the feeder via a matching network. At 150 m above ground a variable coil is inserted in series with the mast and adjusted for the desired radiation pattern. On top of the antenna there is a small capacitive

hat.

CONVERSION BETWEEN FIELD STREGNTH AND RECEIVED POWERSEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. A SIMPLE PASSIVE LOGARITHMIC VU-METER THE BEROMÜNSTER TRANSMITTER The Beromünster transmitter started broadcasting on May 1 st, 1931 with a power of 60 kW and a frequency of 556 kHz (539.6 m). In 1933 the power was increased to 100 kW. In 1939 a new anti-fading antenna was built. In 1947 the power was increased to 200 kW. In 1948 as a consequence of the Copenhagen frequency plan, the transmitter was

moved to

EXTRAPOLATING EXPONENTIAL DECAY FUNCTIONS AND TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON

GIANGRANDI.CH

BLACK BODY RADIATION AND COLOR TEMPERATURESEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CH TROUBLESHOOTING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are now standard for the majority of our home appliances. Old fashioned linear power supplies based on mains frequency transformers are disappearing, mainly because of their cost, their large size and weight. We're taking here about mains voltage (say 120 V or 230 V AC) power supplies with power ranging from

a

MEASURING THE POWER FACTOR WITH THE THREE VOLTMETERS METHODSEE MORE ON GIANGRANDI.CHDETERMINING POWER FACTORHOME POWER FACTORPOWER FACTOR TESTPOWER FACTOR UNITWHAT IS THE POWER FACTORWHAT IS A POWER FACTOR WELCOME ON GIANGRANDI.CH Page hits: 628506 Created: 10.2002: Last update: 08.2020 CALCULATING HEAT SINKS Five characteristics can be found in the above table: R th,J-C, R th,J-A, P tot @ T A, P tot @ T C and T J.. R th,J-C is the thermal resistance between the semiconductor junction (say the silicon chip) and the case (or the part of the case that is supposed to be mounted on a heat sink).. R th,J-A is the thermal resistance between the junction (chip) and the ambient directly. MOON PHASE CALCULATOR Next events: Last quarter: in 4 days 2 hours 48 minutes, on Wednesday, June 2, 2021 at 0:24. New moon: in 12 days 6 hours 17 minutes, on Thursday, June 10, 2021 at 3:53 Annular Solar Eclipse. First quarter: in 19 days 23 hours 18 minutes, on Thursday, June 17, 2021 at 20:54. Full moon: in 26 days 14 hours 4 minutes, on Thursday, June 24, 2021 CRYSTAL PARAMETERS CALCULATOR Now connect the crystal directly (position 3) and look for maximum output (frequency f s3) and also for the minimum one (frequency f p ). The frequency response of this filter looks something like the figure above. You will always get f s3 < f s2 < f s1 < f p. Now, just enter those values in the form below and hit the "calculate" button. FIELD REGIONS AROUND AN ANTENNA Determining the size of the regions. The reactive near-field region radius r 1 is determined by the following equation: . Where d is the maximum dimension of the antenna and λ is the wavelength.. The radiating near-field region radius r 2 is defined by the following equation: . Of course, λ can be found with: Where f is the frequency and c 0 is the speed of light, c 0 = 299'792'458 m/s. AMATEUR RADIO INFORMAL Q-CODE Amateur radio international Q-code. Amateur radio operators use a subset of the full international Q-code and they use it extensively still today. In many countries, learning this code is necessary to obtain a ham radio license; the exact subset used may slightly vary from country to country. THE BEROMÜNSTER TRANSMITTER The Beromünster transmitter started broadcasting on May 1 st, 1931 with a power of 60 kW and a frequency of 556 kHz (539.6 m). In 1933 the power was increased to 100 kW. In 1939 a new anti-fading antenna was built. In 1947 the power was increased to 200 kW. In 1948 as a consequence of the Copenhagen frequency plan, the transmitter was

moved to

POWER AND AMPLITUDE: WATTS, VOLTS AND REFERENCED DECIBELS The most common unit is the dBm (pronounce "d-B-m") also known as dBmW or decibel-milliwatt: it's just the power level in dB compared to a reference power of p0 = 1 mW. Sometimes also dBW are used and they express the power ratio relative to p0 = 1 W, but they are not very common. As shown in the above plot, the logarithmic effect of the CRYSTAL LADDER FILTER CALCULATOR Crystal ladder filter calculator. Calculation result: Not computed yet. After hitting the "Calculate" button the characteristics of the filter are shown. First there is a summary of the data entered for the calculation (for easier cut & paste), than there is the maximum possible bandwidth with the current settings (but the filter is

calculated

THE TANDEM MATCH

The "tandem match coupler" or "Sontheimer bridge" is a very interesting and tricky circuit. It was invented by C. G. Sontheimer in 1966 (patent number US 3,426,298) and derives directly from the telephone hybrid that was known long before. It's more a directional coupler than an impedance bridge.

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