HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. 1434 - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES In 1434, Gavin Menzies offers a stunning reappraisal of history, presenting compelling new evidence on the European Renaissance, tracing its roots to China. In this provocative, highly readable history, Gavin Menzies makes the startling argument that China provided the spark that set the Renaissance ablaze. 1 THE WAITAHA PEOPLE The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago. The Waitaha nation goes back 2000 years. Two hundred tribes of the Waitaha nation settled in New Zealand and were then decimated by the warlike Maori who invaded the island some 800 years ago as an eerie precursor of the Maori massacre of the Moriori in the

Chatham Islands.

CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more 9 IMPORTANCE OF THE WALDSEEMUELLER MAP Importance of the Waldseemueller Map. This is the first accurate map of North and South America – accurate because it is the first European map to show latitudes and longitudes. Using these one can position the Americas relative to Africa and establish their land mass and shape. Despite these remarkable advances, the map, has two serious

defects.

19 DNA EVIDENCE OF NAVAJO PEOPLE AND APACHE PEOPLE DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Publications (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick, Corina C Novick, Juan Yunis, Emilio Yunis, Pamera Antunez de Mayolo, W Douglas Scheer, Prescott L Deininger, Mark Stoneking, Daniel S York, Mark A Batzer and Rene J Herrera.

18 ANNEX 18

Evidence of Chinese in New Zealand from History of Maoris, Songs and Legends. • Maori legend – Waitaha were descendents of Chinese porters and stone cutters. • Maori tradition is vague about the predecessors of the Ngaitahu. • The Waitaha consisted of 3 united races: the Urukehu, a light skinned people; the stone people or

Kiritea, of

20 DNA EVIDENCE OF MAZATEC PEOPLE OF MEXICO (OLMEC CULTURE DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture) 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: H.L.A. Genes and the Origins of the Amerindians. (b) Author: Dr Felipe Vilchis 2. Précis of the Report’s findings “The results of the filogenetic analysis reported here support the idea that the autochthonous pueblos based in Meso-America and South America had common ancestors, with as 1 ZHENG HE'S INTEGRATED MAP OF THE WORLD, 1418 19:30-19:45 – Liu Gang, owner of the 1418 map, will make his detailed responses to the critics. 19:45-20:15 – Dr. Gunnar Thompson, Ph.D will deliver further details on his technical review of the 1418 map. 20:15-20:35 Gavin Menzies will talk on Australia and New Zealand as shown on the 1418 Map and issue a press release on Paul

Chiasson’s

2 RUINS MAY SHOW INCAS BEAT MAORIS TO NEW ZEALAND? Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand? An article in The Daily Telegraph dated June 11 1998, of a story filed by Paul Chapman in Wellington tells of an ancient earthwork that has been discovered in a remote forest in New Zealand. It challenges the long-held belief that the Maoris, who were previously credited with arriving in canoes HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. 1434 - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES In 1434, Gavin Menzies offers a stunning reappraisal of history, presenting compelling new evidence on the European Renaissance, tracing its roots to China. In this provocative, highly readable history, Gavin Menzies makes the startling argument that China provided the spark that set the Renaissance ablaze. 1 THE WAITAHA PEOPLE The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago. The Waitaha nation goes back 2000 years. Two hundred tribes of the Waitaha nation settled in New Zealand and were then decimated by the warlike Maori who invaded the island some 800 years ago as an eerie precursor of the Maori massacre of the Moriori in the

Chatham Islands.

CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more 9 IMPORTANCE OF THE WALDSEEMUELLER MAP Importance of the Waldseemueller Map. This is the first accurate map of North and South America – accurate because it is the first European map to show latitudes and longitudes. Using these one can position the Americas relative to Africa and establish their land mass and shape. Despite these remarkable advances, the map, has two serious

defects.

19 DNA EVIDENCE OF NAVAJO PEOPLE AND APACHE PEOPLE DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Publications (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick, Corina C Novick, Juan Yunis, Emilio Yunis, Pamera Antunez de Mayolo, W Douglas Scheer, Prescott L Deininger, Mark Stoneking, Daniel S York, Mark A Batzer and Rene J Herrera.

18 ANNEX 18

Evidence of Chinese in New Zealand from History of Maoris, Songs and Legends. • Maori legend – Waitaha were descendents of Chinese porters and stone cutters. • Maori tradition is vague about the predecessors of the Ngaitahu. • The Waitaha consisted of 3 united races: the Urukehu, a light skinned people; the stone people or

Kiritea, of

20 DNA EVIDENCE OF MAZATEC PEOPLE OF MEXICO (OLMEC CULTURE DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture) 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: H.L.A. Genes and the Origins of the Amerindians. (b) Author: Dr Felipe Vilchis 2. Précis of the Report’s findings “The results of the filogenetic analysis reported here support the idea that the autochthonous pueblos based in Meso-America and South America had common ancestors, with as 1 ZHENG HE'S INTEGRATED MAP OF THE WORLD, 1418 19:30-19:45 – Liu Gang, owner of the 1418 map, will make his detailed responses to the critics. 19:45-20:15 – Dr. Gunnar Thompson, Ph.D will deliver further details on his technical review of the 1418 map. 20:15-20:35 Gavin Menzies will talk on Australia and New Zealand as shown on the 1418 Map and issue a press release on Paul

Chiasson’s

2 RUINS MAY SHOW INCAS BEAT MAORIS TO NEW ZEALAND? Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand? An article in The Daily Telegraph dated June 11 1998, of a story filed by Paul Chapman in Wellington tells of an ancient earthwork that has been discovered in a remote forest in New Zealand. It challenges the long-held belief that the Maoris, who were previously credited with arriving in canoes CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more

1421 EVIDENCE

This site is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. To find out more about what is being done to further Gavin’s work today, please visit The

1421 Foundation

3 THE JEAN ROTZ MAP

The Jean Rotz Map. The Jean Rotz map was drawn by esteemed cartographer Jean Rotz, the official ”hydrographer” to King Henry VIII. The map was incorporated into the Boke of Idrography, presented to the king in 1542. It depicts the coastlines of Africa, Asia, India and China with great accuracy, yet more surprisingly it also shows the

east

MAPS - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES The Piri Reis. Piri Reis was a famous admiral of the Turkish fleet with a penchant for cartography. The map he constructed is like a patchwork quilt: a melange of several maps, including the 1428 World Map, and was drawn on a gazelle skin in 1513. CHINESE MAPPED AMERICA BEFORE 1430 Chinese mapped America before 1430. Posted on February 26, 2019. SL Lee’s research paper proves that China mapped America before 1430 CE, at least 60 years before Christopher Columbus set sail. It overturns the history of world discovery for the past 600 years. To read it please click here.

8 THE CHINESE FLEET

The Chinese Fleet. Size of the Chinese Fleet “In its heyday, about + 1420, the Ming navy probably outclassed that of any other Asian nation at any time in history, and would have been more than a match for that of any contemporary European State or even a combination of them. 28 DETERMINING LONGITUDE BY THE EQUATION OF TIME OF THE Determining Longitude by the Equation of Time of the Moon (Professor Robert Cribbs) The inconsistent motion was first discovered by Jia Kui in the Eastern Han period (25-200 AD) (Research of Ng Say Tiong and Helmer Aslaksen). After the moon’s Read more

10 ANNEX 10

Annex 10 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Australia – West Coast. 1. Maps. Zheng He’s maps of Western Australia. Professor Zhiqiang Zhang’s article entitled “Zheng He’s Fleets had reached Australia before 1450” published in Chinese mainland edition of the Peoples daily October 24 2003. 7 SHIPWRECKS WITH ''CHINESE'' CHARACTERISTICS FOUND IN THE Shipwrecks with ”Chinese” characteristics found in the wake of the Chinese Fleet Please see the bottom of this page for most recent findings. Summary of Shipwrecks (July 2003) – see table below for details Far East Nanjing Philippines – Pandanan Read more 10 OTTER SIGHTINGS IN NEW ZEALAND A Maori living at Ruatoki told a correspondent of the New Zealand Herald some years ago of seeing an animal he described like an otter – 25in in length with the head of a rat, fur like a badger, short legs and evidently a swimming, diving, fish eating animal – Otago Daily Times 2.5.1903 HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. 1434 - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES In 1434, Gavin Menzies offers a stunning reappraisal of history, presenting compelling new evidence on the European Renaissance, tracing its roots to China. In this provocative, highly readable history, Gavin Menzies makes the startling argument that China provided the spark that set the Renaissance ablaze. CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more 1 THE WAITAHA PEOPLE The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago. The Waitaha nation goes back 2000 years. Two hundred tribes of the Waitaha nation settled in New Zealand and were then decimated by the warlike Maori who invaded the island some 800 years ago as an eerie precursor of the Maori massacre of the Moriori in the

Chatham Islands.

19 DNA EVIDENCE OF NAVAJO PEOPLE AND APACHE PEOPLE DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Publications (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick, Corina C Novick, Juan Yunis, Emilio Yunis, Pamera Antunez de Mayolo, W Douglas Scheer, Prescott L Deininger, Mark Stoneking, Daniel S York, Mark A Batzer and Rene J Herrera.

18 ANNEX 18

Evidence of Chinese in New Zealand from History of Maoris, Songs and Legends. • Maori legend – Waitaha were descendents of Chinese porters and stone cutters. • Maori tradition is vague about the predecessors of the Ngaitahu. • The Waitaha consisted of 3 united races: the Urukehu, a light skinned people; the stone people or

Kiritea, of

20 DNA EVIDENCE OF MAZATEC PEOPLE OF MEXICO (OLMEC CULTURE DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture) 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: H.L.A. Genes and the Origins of the Amerindians. (b) Author: Dr Felipe Vilchis 2. Précis of the Report’s findings “The results of the filogenetic analysis reported here support the idea that the autochthonous pueblos based in Meso-America and South America had common ancestors, with as 1 ZHENG HE'S INTEGRATED MAP OF THE WORLD, 1418 19:30-19:45 – Liu Gang, owner of the 1418 map, will make his detailed responses to the critics. 19:45-20:15 – Dr. Gunnar Thompson, Ph.D will deliver further details on his technical review of the 1418 map. 20:15-20:35 Gavin Menzies will talk on Australia and New Zealand as shown on the 1418 Map and issue a press release on Paul

Chiasson’s

10 ANNEX 10

Annex 10 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Australia – West Coast. 1. Maps. Zheng He’s maps of Western Australia. Professor Zhiqiang Zhang’s article entitled “Zheng He’s Fleets had reached Australia before 1450” published in Chinese mainland edition of the Peoples daily October 24 2003. 2 RUINS MAY SHOW INCAS BEAT MAORIS TO NEW ZEALAND? Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand? An article in The Daily Telegraph dated June 11 1998, of a story filed by Paul Chapman in Wellington tells of an ancient earthwork that has been discovered in a remote forest in New Zealand. It challenges the long-held belief that the Maoris, who were previously credited with arriving in canoes HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. 1434 - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES In 1434, Gavin Menzies offers a stunning reappraisal of history, presenting compelling new evidence on the European Renaissance, tracing its roots to China. In this provocative, highly readable history, Gavin Menzies makes the startling argument that China provided the spark that set the Renaissance ablaze. CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more 1 THE WAITAHA PEOPLE The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago. The Waitaha nation goes back 2000 years. Two hundred tribes of the Waitaha nation settled in New Zealand and were then decimated by the warlike Maori who invaded the island some 800 years ago as an eerie precursor of the Maori massacre of the Moriori in the

Chatham Islands.

19 DNA EVIDENCE OF NAVAJO PEOPLE AND APACHE PEOPLE DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Publications (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick, Corina C Novick, Juan Yunis, Emilio Yunis, Pamera Antunez de Mayolo, W Douglas Scheer, Prescott L Deininger, Mark Stoneking, Daniel S York, Mark A Batzer and Rene J Herrera.

18 ANNEX 18

Evidence of Chinese in New Zealand from History of Maoris, Songs and Legends. • Maori legend – Waitaha were descendents of Chinese porters and stone cutters. • Maori tradition is vague about the predecessors of the Ngaitahu. • The Waitaha consisted of 3 united races: the Urukehu, a light skinned people; the stone people or

Kiritea, of

20 DNA EVIDENCE OF MAZATEC PEOPLE OF MEXICO (OLMEC CULTURE DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture) 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: H.L.A. Genes and the Origins of the Amerindians. (b) Author: Dr Felipe Vilchis 2. Précis of the Report’s findings “The results of the filogenetic analysis reported here support the idea that the autochthonous pueblos based in Meso-America and South America had common ancestors, with as 1 ZHENG HE'S INTEGRATED MAP OF THE WORLD, 1418 19:30-19:45 – Liu Gang, owner of the 1418 map, will make his detailed responses to the critics. 19:45-20:15 – Dr. Gunnar Thompson, Ph.D will deliver further details on his technical review of the 1418 map. 20:15-20:35 Gavin Menzies will talk on Australia and New Zealand as shown on the 1418 Map and issue a press release on Paul

Chiasson’s

10 ANNEX 10

Annex 10 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Australia – West Coast. 1. Maps. Zheng He’s maps of Western Australia. Professor Zhiqiang Zhang’s article entitled “Zheng He’s Fleets had reached Australia before 1450” published in Chinese mainland edition of the Peoples daily October 24 2003. 2 RUINS MAY SHOW INCAS BEAT MAORIS TO NEW ZEALAND? Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand? An article in The Daily Telegraph dated June 11 1998, of a story filed by Paul Chapman in Wellington tells of an ancient earthwork that has been discovered in a remote forest in New Zealand. It challenges the long-held belief that the Maoris, who were previously credited with arriving in canoes MAPS - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES The Piri Reis. Piri Reis was a famous admiral of the Turkish fleet with a penchant for cartography. The map he constructed is like a patchwork quilt: a melange of several maps, including the 1428 World Map, and was drawn on a gazelle skin in 1513. MAPS - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES The Lost Empire of Atlantis – Maps Map of Minoan Crete and Santorini: Map of Egypt and the route to India: Map showing stone circles around the world: Map 24 DNA EVIDENCE OF SIOUX AND CREE OJIBWA PEOPLES OF DNA Evidence of Sioux and Cree Ojibwa Peoples of America and Canada. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian Origin of Native American Populations. (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick and colleagues (refer to Bibliography) 2. Précis of the Report’s findings Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow from

8 THE CHINESE FLEET

The Chinese Fleet. Size of the Chinese Fleet “In its heyday, about + 1420, the Ming navy probably outclassed that of any other Asian nation at any time in history, and would have been more than a match for that of any contemporary European State or even a combination of them. 9 IMPORTANCE OF THE WALDSEEMUELLER MAP Importance of the Waldseemueller Map. This is the first accurate map of North and South America – accurate because it is the first European map to show latitudes and longitudes. Using these one can position the Americas relative to Africa and establish their land mass and shape. Despite these remarkable advances, the map, has two serious

defects.

8 ANATOLE ANDRO

This site is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. To find out more about what is being done to further Gavin’s work today, please visit The

1421 Foundation

10 ANNEX 10

Annex 10 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Australia – West Coast. 1. Maps. Zheng He’s maps of Western Australia. Professor Zhiqiang Zhang’s article entitled “Zheng He’s Fleets had reached Australia before 1450” published in Chinese mainland edition of the Peoples daily October 24 2003. CHAPTER 21 - CHINA'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE RENAISSANCE Chapter 21 – China’s contribution to the Renaissance. View: Complete 1434 listings. Posted on August 31, 2011. Chapter summary: After 1434, European world maps changed. There was a shift away from the circular maps centred on Jerusalem, emphasising religious subjects, to depictions of the world as it really is. 50 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND THE ROMANS The Roman walls used rounded corners, the Chinese angled corners. Defensive Systems. The Chinese used a double ramparted system, with an external ditch, and another between the ramparts, the outer edge of the ramparts being inset with a stone wall. Romans tended to use a single rampart, with multi ditches, each ditch edge revetted with CHAPTER 22 - TRAGEDY ON THE HIGH SEAS: ZHENG HE'S FLEETS Chapter summary: NEW ZEALAND In 2003, Cedric Bell, a marine engineer, visited New Zealand’s South Island. Magnetic anomaly surveys he made during his stay threw up an astonishing possibility: a considerable number of junks had been wrecked on the southeast coast of the South

Island.

HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. 1 THE WAITAHA PEOPLE The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago. The Waitaha nation goes back 2000 years. Two hundred tribes of the Waitaha nation settled in New Zealand and were then decimated by the warlike Maori who invaded the island some 800 years ago as an eerie precursor of the Maori massacre of the Moriori in the

Chatham Islands.

CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more

3 THE JEAN ROTZ MAP

The Jean Rotz Map. The Jean Rotz map was drawn by esteemed cartographer Jean Rotz, the official ”hydrographer” to King Henry VIII. The map was incorporated into the Boke of Idrography, presented to the king in 1542. It depicts the coastlines of Africa, Asia, India and China with great accuracy, yet more surprisingly it also shows the

east

8 THE CHINESE FLEET

The Chinese Fleet. Size of the Chinese Fleet “In its heyday, about + 1420, the Ming navy probably outclassed that of any other Asian nation at any time in history, and would have been more than a match for that of any contemporary European State or even a combination of them. 9 IMPORTANCE OF THE WALDSEEMUELLER MAP Importance of the Waldseemueller Map. This is the first accurate map of North and South America – accurate because it is the first European map to show latitudes and longitudes. Using these one can position the Americas relative to Africa and establish their land mass and shape. Despite these remarkable advances, the map, has two serious

defects.

20 DNA EVIDENCE OF MAZATEC PEOPLE OF MEXICO (OLMEC CULTURE DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture) 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: H.L.A. Genes and the Origins of the Amerindians. (b) Author: Dr Felipe Vilchis 2. Précis of the Report’s findings “The results of the filogenetic analysis reported here support the idea that the autochthonous pueblos based in Meso-America and South America had common ancestors, with as 15 PROFESSOR ROBERT CRIBBS' OPINION OF THE 1418 MAP Mr. Cribbs has his B.S. in physics and M.S. in mathematics. He was adjunct professor of engineering at California State University, Sacramento, visiting professor of scientific archeology at Cairo University, Egypt, and lecturer in ancient music at the art institute in Cairo. He was an accreditor for ABET (Accreditation Board for

Engineering

2 RUINS MAY SHOW INCAS BEAT MAORIS TO NEW ZEALAND? Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand? An article in The Daily Telegraph dated June 11 1998, of a story filed by Paul Chapman in Wellington tells of an ancient earthwork that has been discovered in a remote forest in New Zealand. It challenges the long-held belief that the Maoris, who were previously credited with arriving in canoes 50 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND THE ROMANS The Roman walls used rounded corners, the Chinese angled corners. Defensive Systems. The Chinese used a double ramparted system, with an external ditch, and another between the ramparts, the outer edge of the ramparts being inset with a stone wall. Romans tended to use a single rampart, with multi ditches, each ditch edge revetted with HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. 1 THE WAITAHA PEOPLE The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago. The Waitaha nation goes back 2000 years. Two hundred tribes of the Waitaha nation settled in New Zealand and were then decimated by the warlike Maori who invaded the island some 800 years ago as an eerie precursor of the Maori massacre of the Moriori in the

Chatham Islands.

CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more

3 THE JEAN ROTZ MAP

The Jean Rotz Map. The Jean Rotz map was drawn by esteemed cartographer Jean Rotz, the official ”hydrographer” to King Henry VIII. The map was incorporated into the Boke of Idrography, presented to the king in 1542. It depicts the coastlines of Africa, Asia, India and China with great accuracy, yet more surprisingly it also shows the

east

8 THE CHINESE FLEET

The Chinese Fleet. Size of the Chinese Fleet “In its heyday, about + 1420, the Ming navy probably outclassed that of any other Asian nation at any time in history, and would have been more than a match for that of any contemporary European State or even a combination of them. 9 IMPORTANCE OF THE WALDSEEMUELLER MAP Importance of the Waldseemueller Map. This is the first accurate map of North and South America – accurate because it is the first European map to show latitudes and longitudes. Using these one can position the Americas relative to Africa and establish their land mass and shape. Despite these remarkable advances, the map, has two serious

defects.

20 DNA EVIDENCE OF MAZATEC PEOPLE OF MEXICO (OLMEC CULTURE DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture) 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: H.L.A. Genes and the Origins of the Amerindians. (b) Author: Dr Felipe Vilchis 2. Précis of the Report’s findings “The results of the filogenetic analysis reported here support the idea that the autochthonous pueblos based in Meso-America and South America had common ancestors, with as 15 PROFESSOR ROBERT CRIBBS' OPINION OF THE 1418 MAP Mr. Cribbs has his B.S. in physics and M.S. in mathematics. He was adjunct professor of engineering at California State University, Sacramento, visiting professor of scientific archeology at Cairo University, Egypt, and lecturer in ancient music at the art institute in Cairo. He was an accreditor for ABET (Accreditation Board for

Engineering

2 RUINS MAY SHOW INCAS BEAT MAORIS TO NEW ZEALAND? Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand? An article in The Daily Telegraph dated June 11 1998, of a story filed by Paul Chapman in Wellington tells of an ancient earthwork that has been discovered in a remote forest in New Zealand. It challenges the long-held belief that the Maoris, who were previously credited with arriving in canoes 50 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND THE ROMANS The Roman walls used rounded corners, the Chinese angled corners. Defensive Systems. The Chinese used a double ramparted system, with an external ditch, and another between the ramparts, the outer edge of the ramparts being inset with a stone wall. Romans tended to use a single rampart, with multi ditches, each ditch edge revetted with HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. CHAPTER 22 - TRAGEDY ON THE HIGH SEAS: ZHENG HE'S FLEETS Chapter summary: NEW ZEALAND In 2003, Cedric Bell, a marine engineer, visited New Zealand’s South Island. Magnetic anomaly surveys he made during his stay threw up an astonishing possibility: a considerable number of junks had been wrecked on the southeast coast of the South

Island.

50 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND THE ROMANS The Roman walls used rounded corners, the Chinese angled corners. Defensive Systems. The Chinese used a double ramparted system, with an external ditch, and another between the ramparts, the outer edge of the ramparts being inset with a stone wall. Romans tended to use a single rampart, with multi ditches, each ditch edge revetted with

18 ANNEX 18

Evidence of Chinese in New Zealand from History of Maoris, Songs and Legends. • Maori legend – Waitaha were descendents of Chinese porters and stone cutters. • Maori tradition is vague about the predecessors of the Ngaitahu. • The Waitaha consisted of 3 united races: the Urukehu, a light skinned people; the stone people or

Kiritea, of

24 DNA EVIDENCE OF SIOUX AND CREE OJIBWA PEOPLES OF DNA Evidence of Sioux and Cree Ojibwa Peoples of America and Canada. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian Origin of Native American Populations. (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick and colleagues (refer to Bibliography) 2. Précis of the Report’s findings Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow from 19 DNA EVIDENCE OF NAVAJO PEOPLE AND APACHE PEOPLE DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Publications (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick, Corina C Novick, Juan Yunis, Emilio Yunis, Pamera Antunez de Mayolo, W Douglas Scheer, Prescott L Deininger, Mark Stoneking, Daniel S York, Mark A Batzer and Rene J Herrera. 1 ZHENG HE'S INTEGRATED MAP OF THE WORLD, 1418 19:30-19:45 – Liu Gang, owner of the 1418 map, will make his detailed responses to the critics. 19:45-20:15 – Dr. Gunnar Thompson, Ph.D will deliver further details on his technical review of the 1418 map. 20:15-20:35 Gavin Menzies will talk on Australia and New Zealand as shown on the 1418 Map and issue a press release on Paul

Chiasson’s

15 DNA EVIDENCE OF HAIDA AND ALEUT PEOPLES DNA Evidence of Haida and Aleut Peoples. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian Origin of Native American Populations. (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick and colleagues – see Bibliography.. 2. Précis of the Report’s findings Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow from Asia.

10 ANNEX 10

Annex 10 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Australia – West Coast. 1. Maps. Zheng He’s maps of Western Australia. Professor Zhiqiang Zhang’s article entitled “Zheng He’s Fleets had reached Australia before 1450” published in Chinese mainland edition of the Peoples daily October 24 2003. 8 A CHINESE JUNK IN THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP A Chinese junk in the Great Dismal Swamp – GM Memo 13th March 2006. The 1418 map leads us to a Chinese Colony in Virginia and North Carolina. The 1418 map shows two river systems on the Atlantic coast

of North America.

HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. 1 THE WAITAHA PEOPLE The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago. The Waitaha nation goes back 2000 years. Two hundred tribes of the Waitaha nation settled in New Zealand and were then decimated by the warlike Maori who invaded the island some 800 years ago as an eerie precursor of the Maori massacre of the Moriori in the

Chatham Islands.

1434 - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES 1421 PDFGAVIN MENZIES 1421 REVIEWSGAVIN MENZIES 1421GAVIN MENZIES DEBUNKEDGAVIN MENZIES FRAUDGAVIN MENZIES WEBSITE In 1434, Gavin Menzies offers a stunning reappraisal of history, presenting compelling new evidence on the European Renaissance, tracing its roots to China. In this provocative, highly readable history, Gavin Menzies makes the startling argument that China provided the spark that set the Renaissance ablaze. MAPS - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIESATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIRE CASTATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIRE ONLINEDISNEY ATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIREATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIRE CHARACTERSMOVIE ATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIREATLANTIS THE LOST

EMPIRE 2001

The Lost Empire of Atlantis – Maps Map of Minoan Crete and Santorini: Map of Egypt and the route to India: Map showing stone circles around the world: Map CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDEFIND LONGITUDE AND LATITUDEFIND LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more 19 DNA EVIDENCE OF NAVAJO PEOPLE AND APACHE PEOPLE DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Publications (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick, Corina C Novick, Juan Yunis, Emilio Yunis, Pamera Antunez de Mayolo, W Douglas Scheer, Prescott L Deininger, Mark Stoneking, Daniel S York, Mark A Batzer and Rene J Herrera. CHAPTER 22 - TRAGEDY ON THE HIGH SEAS: ZHENG HE'S FLEETSADMIRAL ZHENG HE SHIPSWHAT WAS ZHENG HE RELIGIONZHENG HE HISTORY Chapter summary: NEW ZEALAND In 2003, Cedric Bell, a marine engineer, visited New Zealand’s South Island. Magnetic anomaly surveys he made during his stay threw up an astonishing possibility: a considerable number of junks had been wrecked on the southeast coast of the South

Island.

9 IMPORTANCE OF THE WALDSEEMUELLER MAP Importance of the Waldseemueller Map This is the first accurate map of North and South America – accurate because it is the first European map to show latitudes and longitudes. Using these one can position the Americas relative to Africa Read more 20 DNA EVIDENCE OF MAZATEC PEOPLE OF MEXICO (OLMEC CULTUREOLMEC DNA RESULTS SCIENCE MAGAZINEOLMEC DNA RESEARCHARE OLMEC PEOPLE BLACKOLMEC DNAMAZATEC INDIANSMAZATEC MUSHROOM DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture) 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: H.L.A. Genes and the Origins of the Amerindians. (b) Author: Dr Felipe Vilchis 2. Précis of the Report’s findings “The results of the filogenetic analysis reported here support the idea that the autochthonous pueblos based in Meso-America and South America had common ancestors, with as 2 RUINS MAY SHOW INCAS BEAT MAORIS TO NEW ZEALAND? Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand? An article in The Daily Telegraph dated June 11 1998, of a story filed by Paul Chapman in Wellington tells of an ancient earthwork that has been discovered in a remote forest in New Zealand. HOME - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. 1 THE WAITAHA PEOPLE The Waitaha People – a Chinese colony that settled in New Zealand 2000 years ago. The Waitaha nation goes back 2000 years. Two hundred tribes of the Waitaha nation settled in New Zealand and were then decimated by the warlike Maori who invaded the island some 800 years ago as an eerie precursor of the Maori massacre of the Moriori in the

Chatham Islands.

1434 - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES 1421 PDFGAVIN MENZIES 1421 REVIEWSGAVIN MENZIES 1421GAVIN MENZIES DEBUNKEDGAVIN MENZIES FRAUDGAVIN MENZIES WEBSITE In 1434, Gavin Menzies offers a stunning reappraisal of history, presenting compelling new evidence on the European Renaissance, tracing its roots to China. In this provocative, highly readable history, Gavin Menzies makes the startling argument that China provided the spark that set the Renaissance ablaze. MAPS - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIESATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIRE CASTATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIRE ONLINEDISNEY ATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIREATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIRE CHARACTERSMOVIE ATLANTIS THE LOST EMPIREATLANTIS THE LOST

EMPIRE 2001

The Lost Empire of Atlantis – Maps Map of Minoan Crete and Santorini: Map of Egypt and the route to India: Map showing stone circles around the world: Map CHAPTER 4 - ZHENG HE'S NAVIGATORS' CALCULATION OF LATITUDEFIND LONGITUDE AND LATITUDEFIND LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE Chapter summary Latitude and longitude Calendars enabled longitude to be calculated by using the slip between solar and sidereal time, by eclipses of the moon, or by the angular distance between the moon and selected stars or planets. Thus Zheng Read more 19 DNA EVIDENCE OF NAVAJO PEOPLE AND APACHE PEOPLE DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people. 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Publications (b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick, Corina C Novick, Juan Yunis, Emilio Yunis, Pamera Antunez de Mayolo, W Douglas Scheer, Prescott L Deininger, Mark Stoneking, Daniel S York, Mark A Batzer and Rene J Herrera. CHAPTER 22 - TRAGEDY ON THE HIGH SEAS: ZHENG HE'S FLEETSADMIRAL ZHENG HE SHIPSWHAT WAS ZHENG HE RELIGIONZHENG HE HISTORY Chapter summary: NEW ZEALAND In 2003, Cedric Bell, a marine engineer, visited New Zealand’s South Island. Magnetic anomaly surveys he made during his stay threw up an astonishing possibility: a considerable number of junks had been wrecked on the southeast coast of the South

Island.

9 IMPORTANCE OF THE WALDSEEMUELLER MAP Importance of the Waldseemueller Map This is the first accurate map of North and South America – accurate because it is the first European map to show latitudes and longitudes. Using these one can position the Americas relative to Africa Read more 20 DNA EVIDENCE OF MAZATEC PEOPLE OF MEXICO (OLMEC CULTUREOLMEC DNA RESULTS SCIENCE MAGAZINEOLMEC DNA RESEARCHARE OLMEC PEOPLE BLACKOLMEC DNAMAZATEC INDIANSMAZATEC MUSHROOM DNA Evidence of Mazatec People of Mexico (Olmec culture) 1. Principal DNA Report relied upon (a) Title: H.L.A. Genes and the Origins of the Amerindians. (b) Author: Dr Felipe Vilchis 2. Précis of the Report’s findings “The results of the filogenetic analysis reported here support the idea that the autochthonous pueblos based in Meso-America and South America had common ancestors, with as 2 RUINS MAY SHOW INCAS BEAT MAORIS TO NEW ZEALAND? Ruins may show Incas beat Maoris to New Zealand? An article in The Daily Telegraph dated June 11 1998, of a story filed by Paul Chapman in Wellington tells of an ancient earthwork that has been discovered in a remote forest in New Zealand. BOOKS - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES Who Discovered America? Greatly expanding on the blockbuster 1421 Gavin Menzies and his co-author Ian Hudson uncover the complete untold history of how mankind came to populate the Americas by multiple sea voyages, over several millenia.Columbus was 40, 000 years late! The peopling of these great continents by ancient man from around the world has helped to create the great, rich and diverse MEDIA - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This site is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. To find out more about what is being done to further Gavin’s work today, please visit The

1421 Foundation

ABOUT - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES This website was designed by www.pedalo.co.uk and created by Gavin Menzies and his research team. The site serves as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian voyages to the New World. The research team was set up to receive and disseminate all information received via this website, from the 2000 or so visitors that log onto

it each day.

MAPS - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES The Lost Empire of Atlantis – Maps Map of Minoan Crete and Santorini: Map of Egypt and the route to India: Map showing stone circles around the world: Map MAPS - GAVIN MENZIESGAVIN MENZIES The Piri Reis. Piri Reis was a famous admiral of the Turkish fleet with a penchant for cartography. The map he constructed is like a patchwork quilt: a melange of several maps, including the 1428 World Map, and was drawn on a gazelle skin in 1513.

3 THE JEAN ROTZ MAP

The Jean Rotz Map The Jean Rotz map was drawn by esteemed cartographer Jean Rotz, the official ”hydrographer” to King Henry VIII. The map was incorporated into the Boke of Idrography, presented to the king in 1542. It depicts the Read more 9 IMPORTANCE OF THE WALDSEEMUELLER MAP Importance of the Waldseemueller Map This is the first accurate map of North and South America – accurate because it is the first European map to show latitudes and longitudes. Using these one can position the Americas relative to Africa Read more 28 DETERMINING LONGITUDE BY THE EQUATION OF TIME OF THE Determining Longitude by the Equation of Time of the Moon (Professor Robert Cribbs) The inconsistent motion was first discovered by Jia Kui in the Eastern Han period (25-200 AD) (Research of Ng Say Tiong and Helmer Aslaksen). After the moon’s Read more 50 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND THE ROMANS Comparison between the Chinese and the Romans Comparison between the Chinese engineering encountered in New Zealand and the Roman Engineering encountered in Cumbria and Scotland. During my survey around the east coast of New Zealand, I

10 ANNEX 10

Annex 10 – Evidence of Chinese Fleets visit to Australia – West Coast. 1. Maps. Zheng He’s maps of Western Australia. Professor Zhiqiang Zhang’s article entitled “Zheng He’s Fleets had reached Australia before 1450” published in Chinese mainland edition of the Peoples daily October 24 2003.

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This site is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. To find out more about what is being done to further Gavin’s work today, please visit The

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Greatly expanding on 1421, Gavin Menzies and Ian Hudson uncover the complete untold history of how mankind came to populate the Americas - by multiple seaborne voyages over a period of thousands of years. Take me to Who Discovered America? » 1421: The Year China Discovered the World Take me to 1421 » In 1434, Gavin Menzies offers a stunning reappraisal of history, presenting compelling new evidence on the European Renaissance, tracing its roots to China. Take me to 1434 » Reading like a real-life Indiana Jones story The Lost Empire of Atlantis takes us on an epic journey around the world to finally uncover the truth behind the mystery of Atlantis. Take me to Atlantis

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ABOUT

This website is a legacy site for Gavin Menzies. It was set up in 2002 and for 18 years served as a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world. The 1421 research team was set up to receive and disseminate all information gathered via this website. The website has been invaluable in providing new information pertinent to Gavin and the team's research, as well as a means of refining the hypotheses by corrections and amendments that we receive

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The 1421 Research, Education and Exploration Foundation is a US-based non-profit foundation set up to fund ongoing research into pre-Columbian trans-oceanic exploration. To find out more please visit www.1421foundation.org

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WHO DISCOVERED AMERICA? In "Who Discovered America?" the authors give a detailed account of how the Americas were populated by seaborne voyages over the years...

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CHINA’S GREAT DISCOVERIES '1421' and '1434' explore the Chinese contribution to world discovery, and to the Italian Renaissance respectively. Discover for yourself

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