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FOREIGN POLICY
A senior member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Nord Stream 2, Belarus, and Biden’s upcoming summit with Putin. U.S. MEAT INDUSTRY BECOMES LATEST CYBER VICTIM IN JBS HACK June 2, 2021, 6:18 AM. Here is today’s Foreign Policy brief: U.S. meat supplier JBS comes back online following a ransomware attack, Iran now expects a deal on sanctions relief and its nuclear ARGENTINA’S DEADLY SECOND WAVE OF COVID-19 STRAINS HEALTH Nearby, past a sign that reads “Management” in Spanish, the hospital’s director, Emmanuel Alvarez, is navigating Argentina’s torrential second wave of COVID-19 cases. This day unfolded TAIWAN BLACKOUTS, COVID CASES STEM FROM GOVERNMENT COCKINESS Billy H.C. Kwok/Getty Images. June 4, 2021, 4:33 PM. Until very recently, Taiwan had one of the world’s most successful COVID-19strategies. That
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A senior member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Nord Stream 2, Belarus, and Biden’s upcoming summit with Putin. U.S. MEAT INDUSTRY BECOMES LATEST CYBER VICTIM IN JBS HACK June 2, 2021, 6:18 AM. Here is today’s Foreign Policy brief: U.S. meat supplier JBS comes back online following a ransomware attack, Iran now expects a deal on sanctions relief and its nuclear ARGENTINA’S DEADLY SECOND WAVE OF COVID-19 STRAINS HEALTH Nearby, past a sign that reads “Management” in Spanish, the hospital’s director, Emmanuel Alvarez, is navigating Argentina’s torrential second wave of COVID-19 cases. This day unfolded TAIWAN BLACKOUTS, COVID CASES STEM FROM GOVERNMENT COCKINESS Billy H.C. Kwok/Getty Images. June 4, 2021, 4:33 PM. Until very recently, Taiwan had one of the world’s most successful COVID-19strategies. That
TRUMP’S SANCTIONS ON VENEZUELA ONLY MADE MADURO STRONGER By the time Trump left office, the U.S. Treasury had imposed sanctions on more than 160 Venezuelan or Venezuelan-connected individuals, including generals, supreme BIDEN’S $90 BILLION BAILOUT TO TEHRAN Alliances with Iran threaten to undo much of the progress made. Right away, the regime could receive a payday of around $90 billion themoment
WOLF WARRIORS KILLED CHINA’S GRAND STRATEGY—AND WE SHOULD In China’s case, a grand strategy has defined the Communist Party’s conduct for most of its time in power. From Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping, China has sought to secure the state by weaving WHAT THE U.S. MILITARY REALLY THINKS ABOUT BIDEN After 36 years in the Senate and two stinging missteps on Iraq, Biden began his tenure as Barack Obama’s vice president with a deeply ingrained skepticism about what the military said it could WHY IS RUSSIA CRACKING DOWN ON JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES? March 26, 2021, 2:26 PM. On Wednesday, authorities in Russian-occupied Crimea announced that they had arrested a 30-year-old man suspected of promoting an organization that had been banned and CORRUPTION IN U.S. AT WORST LEVELS IN ALMOST A DECADE In the annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), the United States fell to a low of 67 out of a maximum possible score of 100, down from a high of 76 in 2015. LACK OF COVID-19 VACCINES FUELS TERRORISM IN AFRICA 14 hours ago · To avoid more instability, it is time for all wealthy nations to start sharing. We would tell you, but it’s classified. International law blocks direct action on sovereign vessels even ifthey
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U.S. CAN'T TOUCH IRAN'S WARSHIPS EVEN IF THEY'RE VIOLATING 15 hours ago · Biden’s pledge to maintain U.S. capacity in Afghanistan without boots on the ground appears easier said than done. To avoid more instability, it is time for all wealthy nations to startsharing
BIDEN IS EVERYTHING EUROPE ASKED FOR 17 hours ago · Biden’s pledge to maintain U.S. capacity in Afghanistan without boots on the ground appears easier said than done. To avoid more instability, it is time for all wealthy nations to startsharing
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WHERE’S BIDEN’S CHINA STRATEGY? 14 hours ago · We would tell you, but it’s classified. International law blocks direct action on sovereign vessels even if they’re violating U.S. sanctions. On his first trip abroad, the newU.S. president
MEET ISRAEL'S NEW LEADER YAIR LAPID Meet the new boss. The 49-year-old Bennett at a glance seems like a hard-liner cut out of Netanyahu’s cloth, despite the souring of ties between the two. He’s a tech entrepreneur who once PROGRESSIVES SAY BIDEN'S GLOBAL CORPORATE TAX PROPOSAL IS The Biden administration is also hoping that by raising the domestic corporate tax rate from 21 percent to 28 percent, it can reap more than $3 trillion to help pay for its expensive jobs andFOREIGN POLICY
Ahead of elections this weekend, Mexico’s president has ramped up attacks on civil society groups. PEOPLE WANT FREE SPEECH—FOR THEMSELVES 2 hours ago · People Want Free Speech—for Themselves In a new global survey, respondents overwhelmingly supported freedom of expression—for anyone they agree with. BIDEN HOLDS POWER IN ERDOGAN MEETING. HERE’S WHAT HE 2 hours ago · On the margins of the June 14 NATO summit in Brussels, U.S. President Joe Biden is set to hold his first meeting with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. SEN. SHAHEEN: UKRAINIAN OFFICIALS ARE “ANXIOUS” A senior member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Nord Stream 2, Belarus, and Biden’s upcoming summit with Putin. The ADB won’t finance coal, but its bans on dirty fuel may not MEET ISRAEL'S NEW LEADER YAIR LAPID Meet the new boss. The 49-year-old Bennett at a glance seems like a hard-liner cut out of Netanyahu’s cloth, despite the souring of ties between the two. He’s a tech entrepreneur who onceFP ANALYTICS
FP Analytics, Foreign Policy’s research and advisory division, does more than deliver in-depth research, scenario planning, and actionable intelligence on evolving trends in policy, markets, and U.S. MEAT INDUSTRY BECOMES LATEST CYBER VICTIM IN JBS HACK Mexico’s president has ramped up attacks on civil society groups. Modi’s false hope in a raging pandemic. How the literary theorist’s life and work shed light on the epic failure of U.S BIDEN COULD REDEFINE U.S. APPROACH TO THE ISRAELI Modi’s false hope in a raging pandemic. How the literary theorist’s life and work shed light on the epic failure of U.S. Middle East policy. An overloaded health system struggles to deal with RUSSIA’S HACKING SUCCESS SHOWS HOW VULNERABLE THE CLOUD IS Russia’s Hacking Success Shows How Vulnerable the Cloud Is. The cloud is everywhere. It’s critical to computing. And it’s under attack. By Bruce Schneier, a fellow and lecturer at the WOLF WARRIORS KILLED CHINA’S GRAND STRATEGY—AND WE SHOULD In China’s case, a grand strategy has defined the Communist Party’s conduct for most of its time in power. From Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping, China has sought to secure the state by weavingFOREIGN POLICY
Ahead of elections this weekend, Mexico’s president has ramped up attacks on civil society groups. JAPAN'S OLYMPICS MAY NOT BE A COVID-19 CATASTROPHE Opponents are calling foul, but the data suggests the event can be pulled off. A senior member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Nord Stream 2, SEN. SHAHEEN: UKRAINIAN OFFICIALS ARE “ANXIOUS” A senior member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Nord Stream 2, Belarus, and Biden’s upcoming summit with Putin. The ADB won’t finance coal, but its bans on dirty fuel may not MEET ISRAEL'S NEW LEADER YAIR LAPID Meet the new boss. The 49-year-old Bennett at a glance seems like a hard-liner cut out of Netanyahu’s cloth, despite the souring of ties between the two. He’s a tech entrepreneur who once U.S. MEAT INDUSTRY BECOMES LATEST CYBER VICTIM IN JBS HACK Mexico’s president has ramped up attacks on civil society groups. Modi’s false hope in a raging pandemic. How the literary theorist’s life and work shed light on the epic failure of U.SFP ANALYTICS
FP Analytics, Foreign Policy’s research and advisory division, does more than deliver in-depth research, scenario planning, and actionable intelligence on evolving trends in policy, markets, and BIDEN COULD REDEFINE U.S. APPROACH TO THE ISRAELI Modi’s false hope in a raging pandemic. How the literary theorist’s life and work shed light on the epic failure of U.S. Middle East policy. An overloaded health system struggles to deal with RUSSIA’S HACKING SUCCESS SHOWS HOW VULNERABLE THE CLOUD IS Russia’s Hacking Success Shows How Vulnerable the Cloud Is. The cloud is everywhere. It’s critical to computing. And it’s under attack. By Bruce Schneier, a fellow and lecturer at the WOLF WARRIORS KILLED CHINA’S GRAND STRATEGY—AND WE SHOULD In China’s case, a grand strategy has defined the Communist Party’s conduct for most of its time in power. From Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping, China has sought to secure the state by weaving WHY IS RUSSIA CRACKING DOWN ON JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES? March 26, 2021, 2:26 PM. On Wednesday, authorities in Russian-occupied Crimea announced that they had arrested a 30-year-old man suspected of promoting an organization that had been banned and WE NEED A BETTER GAME PLAN TO REACH GLOBAL HERD IMMUNITY 8 hours ago · The world is still vaccinating the few while neglecting the many. The meeting follows a blunt message to would-be migrants the previous day: "Do BIDEN HOLDS POWER IN ERDOGAN MEETING. HERE’S WHAT HE 2 hours ago · On the margins of the June 14 NATO summit in Brussels, U.S. President Joe Biden is set to hold his first meeting with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. PEOPLE WANT FREE SPEECH—FOR THEMSELVES 2 hours ago · People Want Free Speech—for Themselves In a new global survey, respondents overwhelmingly supported freedom of expression—for anyone they agree with. PACIFIC COMMANDERS WANT MORE MONEY FOR BIDEN’S ASIA PIVOT 7 hours ago · Military leaders want to ‘seize the initiative’ against China. The world is still vaccinating the few while neglecting the many. The meeting follows a blunt message to would-be migrants the SEN. SHAHEEN: UKRAINIAN OFFICIALS ARE “ANXIOUS” A senior member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Nord Stream 2, Belarus, and Biden’s upcoming summit with Putin. The ADB won’t finance coal, but its bans on dirty fuel may not G-7 BEGINS GLOBAL CORPORATE TAX BATTLE 1 day ago · G-7 nations came to a landmark corporate tax agreement over the weekend, providing momentum for ongoing Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) talks on a new globalminimum
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NETANYAHU'S RIVALS PLOT A NEW ISRAELI GOVERNMENT Modi’s false hope in a raging pandemic. How the literary theorist’s life and work shed light on the epic failure of U.S. Middle East policy. An overloaded health system struggles to deal with IT’S TIME TO END THE ‘SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP’ WITH ISRAEL Biden and the Europeans are close to agreement on a virtual revolution in international corporate tax policies. The demise of center-left parties across Europe is a Foreign Policy Magazine* News
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* SubscribeSubscribe Search Toggle display of website navigation Argument: Hosni Mubarak Is Dead, and His Downfall Is His Legacy Hosni Mubarak Is Dead, and His Downfall Is...SHARE:
ARGUMENT
HOSNI MUBARAK IS DEAD, AND HIS DOWNFALL IS HIS LEGACY THE EGYPTIAN STRONGMAN’S PRESIDENCY ENDED IN 2011, BUT THE FACTORS THAT LED TO HIS POLITICAL DEMISE REMAIN.By H. A. Hellyer |
February 25, 2020, 3:56 PM Egyptian judge Mohammed Shirin Fahmi (background) listens to the testimony of former president Hosni Mubarak (front), who was ousted following a popular uprisal in 2011, during a session in the retrial of members of the now-banned Muslim Brotherhood over charges of plotting jailbreaks and attacks on police during the 2011 uprising, at a make-shift courthouse in southern Cairo on Dec. 26, 2018. MOHAMED EL-SHAHED/AFP via Getty Images One of modern Egypt’s most famous preachers was Sheikh Muhammad Metwalli al-Sharawi, who died in 1998 at the age of 87. He was popular in the days before social media even existed—yet a clip of his continues to be seen online more than 20 years after his death. It’s a line he delivered to former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak at the height of the latter’s popularity—a line often touted as an example of a scholar speaking truth to power. Sharawi declared to Mubarak: “If you are our fate, then may God grant you success. And if we are your fate, then may God help you handle it.” On Feb. 25, Mubarak went to his fate, dying in Cairo at the age of 91. And despite Sharawi’s warning, Mubarak didn’t handle his fate with the Egyptian people, and his legacy will always be their uprisingagainst him.
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Mubarak made his name in Egypt as a military man, first training at the Military Academy and then the Air Force Academy, an institution he would eventually lead, becoming commander of the Air Force in 1972. He then became vice president under then-Egyptian President Anwar Sadat a few years later—and rose to the top office not out of deft political maneuvering but because his boss was assassinated. That assassination happened right in front of Mubarak’s eyes; Sadat was killed by an extremist Islamist while Mubarak was sitting next to him. That experience defined Mubarak’s worldview going forward: an emphasis on security and a narrow interpretation of what that meant. In a country that was beset by extremist Islamist movements in the 1980s and 1990s, Mubarak’s consolidation of his authority went largely unopposed, and he created a regime on that basis. Egypt’s security apparatus, as scholars like Tarek Masoud and Hazem Kandilpoint out
,
grew substantially during Mubarak’s reign, far more than the country’s population growth warranted. But autocratic rule and the deep securitization of the state were of secondary consideration to Mubarak’s international partners, particularly in the West. Few outside of Egypt considered the medium- to long-term repercussions of a regime that was built on repression of social and political grievances. > Few outside of Egypt considered the medium- to long-term > repercussions of a regime that was built on repression of social and > political grievances. Nor did many out of the country recognize that an economic system that enfranchised a tiny slice of the population in the elite, buttressed by corruption, while the vast majority of Egyptians continued to be poor, inevitably would lead to a backlash of some sortor another.
> Few outside of Egypt considered the medium- to long-term > repercussions of a regime that was built on repression of social and > political grievances. More important to Western capitals was Mubarak’s willingness to uphold the peace treaty with Israel and Cairo’s pivoting away from Moscow and into the Western sphere of influence. When a revolutionary uprising finally came in 2011, many Western leaders denied what was staring them right in the face: that Mubarak’s rule had been untenable for many years and, if anything, the uprising was an escape valve to save the Egyptian state from complete and utter destruction.Read More
WORSE THAN MUBARAK
Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is bringing a new form of totalitarianism toEgypt.
Argument |
Amy Hawthorne ,
Andrew Miller
SISI ISN’T MUBARAK. HE’S MUCH WORSE. Egypt faced terrible repression during the Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak eras, but nothing like today’s sustained cruelty.Voice | Steven
A. Cook
PROTESTS ERUPT AFTER EGYPTIAN COURT DROPS CHARGES AGAINST MUBARAK The Middle East Channel| Mary
Casey-Baker
As Egypt entered the 21st century, the regime that Mubarak built became more and more strained under the surface. The radical Islamist extremists were no longer the threat they had been in the ’80s and ’90s, and citizens wanted more access to the nation’s wealth and to be given more liberty. But the Mubarak regime wanted neither; a narrow securitization, coupled with an economic system that served only the upper echelons—betraying any notion of a trickle-down effect—meant that the system’s cracking was a matter of time. Mubarak’s regime implemented an emergency law, which severely restricted Egyptian civil society in the name of security. For years on end, those of all political stripes—political Islamists, non-Islamist leftists, and others—were silenced or punished. The regime was built on autocracy, corruption, cronyism, and the use of 20th-century state institutions to stifle dissent. The 2011 uprising was spontaneous—one that happened as the result of many years of neglect and the failing of the Egyptian state to give a sense of dignity to scores of Egyptians. > The 2011 uprising was spontaneous—one that happened as the result > of many years of neglect and the failing of the Egyptian state to > give a sense of dignity to scores of Egyptians. > The 2011 uprising was spontaneous—one that happened as the result > of many years of neglect and the failing of the Egyptian state to > give a sense of dignity to scores of Egyptians. If one man is responsible for that, it is Mubarak. It was he and his regime that allowed an untenable situation to fester; it was he and his regime that failed to tackle the country’s corruption, cronyism, and inequality when they had the chance to do so, multiple times over 30 years; it was he and his regime that chose to respond to the protesters with brute force over the 18 days of the 2011 uprising. And it was thus he who precipitated his own downfall. That, indeed, is hislegacy.
I was in Tahrir Square on the night of Feb. 11, 2011. I remember the joy of the people that night when his departure was finally confirmed. “Raise your head up—you’re Egyptian!” I remember hearing the crowd chant. On the one hand, it was electrifying to see Egyptians so energized by the prospect of an alternative future. And on the other, it was an unfinished revolution because the uprising hadn’t managed to get the state and the regime to restructure and hence there was little to no accountability for the ousted leader himself. His downfall wasn’t the downfall of the regime. And in that regard, the 2011 revolutionary uprising was successful as an uprising but not as a revolution. The revolution was unfinished and thus undone. Nine years later, as younger Egyptians look back on the past decade, Mubarak won’t be a hero to their generation. Rather, the heroes of their generation are those who revolted against him—and their dream of building a new Egypt of possibility is, as yet, unrealized. H.A. Hellyer is a senior associate fellow at the Royal United Services Institute and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Twitter: @hahellyerView
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