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BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUE OF EUROPEAN/AMERICAN OPTIONS Lower Bound. We know that the value of an option is equal to the sum of its intrinsic value and time value.. Since an option cannot sell below its intrinsic value, its value cannot be negative, Therefore, the lower bound for both American and European options is zero. HOW TO CALCULATE ANNUALIZED STANDARD DEVIATION Annualized Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Daily Returns * Square Root (250) Here, we assumed that there were 250 trading days in the year. Depending on weekends and public holidays, this number will vary between 250 and 260. So, if standard deviation of daily returns were 2%, the annualized volatility will be = 2%*Sqrt (250) = 31.6% HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: PENSION EXPENSE (BOTH GAAP & IFRS) FOR THE INCOME Pension Expense = increase in the DBO/PBO during the accounting period.. 5 Components of Company Pension Expense. Current Service Cost = amount by which a company’s defined benefit obligation increases as a result of employee service during the accounting period. The current service cost is fully and immediately recognized for theaccounting period.
HIGH QUALITY TUTORIALS FOR FINANCE, RISK, DATA SCIENCEDATA SCIENCECFA EXAMPRM EXAMTUTORIALSCAREERSPRODUCTS Recent lessons LearnDash Recent tutorials LearnDash. Finance Train. High Quality tutorials for finance, risk, data science TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL The IASB bases its financial reporting standards on the conceptual framework that it adopted in 2010. The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. COMBINED EFFECTS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY Consumption and output will increase. The following table summarizes the effects of Monetary and Fiscal policy. Shift of IS. Shift of LM. Movement. in Output. Movement in COSTS INCLUDED IN INVENTORY The costs that are included in the inventories are called inventoriable costs or product costs and are capitalized and shown in the inventory account on the balance sheet. This is done because expenses must be matched against the revenue they produce. A manufacturer does not incur costs of production until the goods aresold.
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUE OF EUROPEAN/AMERICAN OPTIONS Lower Bound. We know that the value of an option is equal to the sum of its intrinsic value and time value.. Since an option cannot sell below its intrinsic value, its value cannot be negative, Therefore, the lower bound for both American and European options is zero. HOW TO CALCULATE ANNUALIZED STANDARD DEVIATION Annualized Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Daily Returns * Square Root (250) Here, we assumed that there were 250 trading days in the year. Depending on weekends and public holidays, this number will vary between 250 and 260. So, if standard deviation of daily returns were 2%, the annualized volatility will be = 2%*Sqrt (250) = 31.6% HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: PENSION EXPENSE (BOTH GAAP & IFRS) FOR THE INCOME Pension Expense = increase in the DBO/PBO during the accounting period.. 5 Components of Company Pension Expense. Current Service Cost = amount by which a company’s defined benefit obligation increases as a result of employee service during the accounting period. The current service cost is fully and immediately recognized for theaccounting period.
HIGH QUALITY TUTORIALS FOR FINANCE, RISK, DATA SCIENCE Recent lessons LearnDash Recent tutorials LearnDash. Finance Train. High Quality tutorials for finance, risk, data science ACCESSING BUILT-IN DATASETS IN R Any R package can choose to include datasets. You can access the data from a package using the data () function by using the package argument as follows: data (datasetname, package="packagename") For example, there’s a popular package called MASS which contains datasets (such as Cars93). We can access the Cars93 dataset by callingthe data
HOW TO BUILD EFFICIENT FRONTIER IN EXCEL For example, if we take 50% of each asset, the expected return and risk of the portfolio will be as follows: E (R) = 0.50*12% + 0.50*20% = 16%. σ = Sqrt (0.20^2*0.5^2+0.40^2*0.5^2+2* (-0.2)*0.5*0.5*0.2*0.4) = 20.49%. The following table shows the risk-return profile for different portfolios created by combining the two assets in different SHORT SELLING AND STOCK BORROWING COSTS The typical fee for a stock loan is 0.30% per annum. In case of short supply, when many investors are going short on a stock, the fee may go up to 20-30% per annum. Even though the stock is borrowed by an investor, the dividends still belong to the lender. So, while returning the stock, the investor has to pay the fee along with anydividend
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Accounting, CFA® Exam, CFA® Exam Level 1. Financial Reporting Standards Conceptual Framework – Recognition of Elements of Financial Statements. This lesson is part 6 of 1 in the course Financial Reporting Standards. To be recognized, an item must meet the definition of an element provided in the conceptual framework, andsatisfy the
HOW IS A FORWARD CONTRACT SETTLED? A forward contract can be settled in two ways: Delivery or Cash Settlement. In case of a deliverable forward contract, the party that is short the forward contract will actually deliver the underlying asset to the party that is long the forward contract. The underlying will be delivered on the settlement date or the expiration date asspecified
CREDIT RISK
Credit Risk – Logistic Regression Model in R. To build our first model, we will tune Logistic Regression to our training dataset. First we set the seed (to any number. we have chosen 100) so that we can reproduce our results. Then we create a downsampled dataset called samp which contains an equal number of Default and Fully Paid loans. SIMULATE RANDOM WALK (RW) IN R Simulate Random Walk Series. We can now simulate a random walk series in R by supplying the appropriate parameters to the arima.sim () function as shown below: RW plot.ts (RW,main="Random Walk", col=4) PENSION EXPENSE (BOTH GAAP & IFRS) FOR THE INCOME Pension Expense = increase in the DBO/PBO during the accounting period.. 5 Components of Company Pension Expense. Current Service Cost = amount by which a company’s defined benefit obligation increases as a result of employee service during the accounting period. The current service cost is fully and immediately recognized for theaccounting period.
PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TAXABLE INCOME A permanent difference between taxable income and accounting profits results when a revenue (gain) or expense (loss) enters book income but never recognized in taxable income or vice versa. The difference is permanent as it does not reverse in the future. Thus, book and tax will never equalize. These differences do not result in the creationof a deferred tax.
HIGH QUALITY TUTORIALS FOR FINANCE, RISK, DATA SCIENCEDATA SCIENCECFA EXAMPRM EXAMTUTORIALSCAREERSPRODUCTS Recent lessons LearnDash Recent tutorials LearnDash. Finance Train. High Quality tutorials for finance, risk, data science TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL The IASB bases its financial reporting standards on the conceptual framework that it adopted in 2010. The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. COMBINED EFFECTS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY Consumption and output will increase. The following table summarizes the effects of Monetary and Fiscal policy. Shift of IS. Shift of LM. Movement. in Output. Movement in RICARDIAN AND HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL Heckscher-Ohlin Model. Unlike Ricardian Model, the model suggested by Heckscher-Ohlin assumes that there are two factors of production, namely, labor and capital. One country has comparative advantage over the other because of the differences in relative amounts of each factor. The model suggests that countries should produce and exportgoods
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Accounting, CFA® Exam, CFA® Exam Level 1. Financial Reporting Standards Conceptual Framework – Recognition of Elements of Financial Statements. This lesson is part 6 of 1 in the course Financial Reporting Standards. To be recognized, an item must meet the definition of an element provided in the conceptual framework, andsatisfy the
HOW TO CALCULATE ANNUALIZED STANDARD DEVIATION Annualized Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Daily Returns * Square Root (250) Here, we assumed that there were 250 trading days in the year. Depending on weekends and public holidays, this number will vary between 250 and 260. So, if standard deviation of daily returns were 2%, the annualized volatility will be = 2%*Sqrt (250) = 31.6% HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TAXABLE INCOME A permanent difference between taxable income and accounting profits results when a revenue (gain) or expense (loss) enters book income but never recognized in taxable income or vice versa. The difference is permanent as it does not reverse in the future. Thus, book and tax will never equalize. These differences do not result in the creationof a deferred tax.
HIGH QUALITY TUTORIALS FOR FINANCE, RISK, DATA SCIENCEDATA SCIENCECFA EXAMPRM EXAMTUTORIALSCAREERSPRODUCTS Recent lessons LearnDash Recent tutorials LearnDash. Finance Train. High Quality tutorials for finance, risk, data science TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL The IASB bases its financial reporting standards on the conceptual framework that it adopted in 2010. The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. COMBINED EFFECTS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY Consumption and output will increase. The following table summarizes the effects of Monetary and Fiscal policy. Shift of IS. Shift of LM. Movement. in Output. Movement in RICARDIAN AND HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL Heckscher-Ohlin Model. Unlike Ricardian Model, the model suggested by Heckscher-Ohlin assumes that there are two factors of production, namely, labor and capital. One country has comparative advantage over the other because of the differences in relative amounts of each factor. The model suggests that countries should produce and exportgoods
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Accounting, CFA® Exam, CFA® Exam Level 1. Financial Reporting Standards Conceptual Framework – Recognition of Elements of Financial Statements. This lesson is part 6 of 1 in the course Financial Reporting Standards. To be recognized, an item must meet the definition of an element provided in the conceptual framework, andsatisfy the
HOW TO CALCULATE ANNUALIZED STANDARD DEVIATION Annualized Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Daily Returns * Square Root (250) Here, we assumed that there were 250 trading days in the year. Depending on weekends and public holidays, this number will vary between 250 and 260. So, if standard deviation of daily returns were 2%, the annualized volatility will be = 2%*Sqrt (250) = 31.6% HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TAXABLE INCOME A permanent difference between taxable income and accounting profits results when a revenue (gain) or expense (loss) enters book income but never recognized in taxable income or vice versa. The difference is permanent as it does not reverse in the future. Thus, book and tax will never equalize. These differences do not result in the creationof a deferred tax.
HIGH QUALITY TUTORIALS FOR FINANCE, RISK, DATA SCIENCE Recent lessons LearnDash Recent tutorials LearnDash. Finance Train. High Quality tutorials for finance, risk, data science ACCESSING BUILT-IN DATASETS IN R Any R package can choose to include datasets. You can access the data from a package using the data () function by using the package argument as follows: data (datasetname, package="packagename") For example, there’s a popular package called MASS which contains datasets (such as Cars93). We can access the Cars93 dataset by callingthe data
HOW TO BUILD EFFICIENT FRONTIER IN EXCEL For example, if we take 50% of each asset, the expected return and risk of the portfolio will be as follows: E (R) = 0.50*12% + 0.50*20% = 16%. σ = Sqrt (0.20^2*0.5^2+0.40^2*0.5^2+2* (-0.2)*0.5*0.5*0.2*0.4) = 20.49%. The following table shows the risk-return profile for different portfolios created by combining the two assets in different THREE METHODOLOGIES FOR CALCULATING VAR This lesson is part 3 of 7 in the course Value at Risk. There are three major methodologies for calculating VaR. Parametric. Monte Carlo. Historical. Note that the risk of nonlinear instruments (for example, options) is more complex to estimate than the risk of linear instruments (for example, traditional stocks, bonds, swaps, forwards,and
COSTS INCLUDED IN INVENTORY The costs that are included in the inventories are called inventoriable costs or product costs and are capitalized and shown in the inventory account on the balance sheet. This is done because expenses must be matched against the revenue they produce. A manufacturer does not incur costs of production until the goods aresold.
HOW TO CALCULATE PORTFOLIO RISK AND RETURN The returns from the portfolio will simply be the weighted average of the returns from the two assets, as shown below: RP = w1R1 + w2R2. Let’s take a simple example. You invested $60,000 in asset 1 that produced 20% returns and $40,000 in asset 2 that produced 12% returns. The weights of the two assets are 60% and 40% respectively.CREDIT RISK
Credit Risk – Logistic Regression Model in R. To build our first model, we will tune Logistic Regression to our training dataset. First we set the seed (to any number. we have chosen 100) so that we can reproduce our results. Then we create a downsampled dataset called samp which contains an equal number of Default and Fully Paid loans. HOW DOES CRYPTOCURRENCY AFFECT THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Cryptocurrencies hold the high ground with most of the transactions, and the US dollar is losing in this battle. Through the years, there have been several attempts to de-dollarize the global economy. Countries and governments wanted to end the reign of the USD. Everyattempt ended in
SIMULATE RANDOM WALK (RW) IN R Simulate Random Walk Series. We can now simulate a random walk series in R by supplying the appropriate parameters to the arima.sim () function as shown below: RW plot.ts (RW,main="Random Walk", col=4) PENSION EXPENSE (BOTH GAAP & IFRS) FOR THE INCOME Pension Expense = increase in the DBO/PBO during the accounting period.. 5 Components of Company Pension Expense. Current Service Cost = amount by which a company’s defined benefit obligation increases as a result of employee service during the accounting period. The current service cost is fully and immediately recognized for theaccounting period.
HIGH QUALITY TUTORIALS FOR FINANCE, RISK, DATA SCIENCEDATA SCIENCECFA EXAMPRM EXAMTUTORIALSCAREERSPRODUCTS Recent lessons LearnDash Recent tutorials LearnDash. Finance Train. High Quality tutorials for finance, risk, data science TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL The IASB bases its financial reporting standards on the conceptual framework that it adopted in 2010. The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. COMBINED EFFECTS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY Consumption and output will increase. The following table summarizes the effects of Monetary and Fiscal policy. Shift of IS. Shift of LM. Movement. in Output. Movement in RICARDIAN AND HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL Heckscher-Ohlin Model. Unlike Ricardian Model, the model suggested by Heckscher-Ohlin assumes that there are two factors of production, namely, labor and capital. One country has comparative advantage over the other because of the differences in relative amounts of each factor. The model suggests that countries should produce and exportgoods
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Accounting, CFA® Exam, CFA® Exam Level 1. Financial Reporting Standards Conceptual Framework – Recognition of Elements of Financial Statements. This lesson is part 6 of 1 in the course Financial Reporting Standards. To be recognized, an item must meet the definition of an element provided in the conceptual framework, andsatisfy the
HOW TO CALCULATE ANNUALIZED STANDARD DEVIATION Annualized Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Daily Returns * Square Root (250) Here, we assumed that there were 250 trading days in the year. Depending on weekends and public holidays, this number will vary between 250 and 260. So, if standard deviation of daily returns were 2%, the annualized volatility will be = 2%*Sqrt (250) = 31.6% HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TAXABLE INCOME A permanent difference between taxable income and accounting profits results when a revenue (gain) or expense (loss) enters book income but never recognized in taxable income or vice versa. The difference is permanent as it does not reverse in the future. Thus, book and tax will never equalize. These differences do not result in the creationof a deferred tax.
HIGH QUALITY TUTORIALS FOR FINANCE, RISK, DATA SCIENCEDATA SCIENCECFA EXAMPRM EXAMTUTORIALSCAREERSPRODUCTS Recent lessons LearnDash Recent tutorials LearnDash. Finance Train. High Quality tutorials for finance, risk, data science TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL The IASB bases its financial reporting standards on the conceptual framework that it adopted in 2010. The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. COMBINED EFFECTS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY Consumption and output will increase. The following table summarizes the effects of Monetary and Fiscal policy. Shift of IS. Shift of LM. Movement. in Output. Movement in RICARDIAN AND HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL Heckscher-Ohlin Model. Unlike Ricardian Model, the model suggested by Heckscher-Ohlin assumes that there are two factors of production, namely, labor and capital. One country has comparative advantage over the other because of the differences in relative amounts of each factor. The model suggests that countries should produce and exportgoods
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Accounting, CFA® Exam, CFA® Exam Level 1. Financial Reporting Standards Conceptual Framework – Recognition of Elements of Financial Statements. This lesson is part 6 of 1 in the course Financial Reporting Standards. To be recognized, an item must meet the definition of an element provided in the conceptual framework, andsatisfy the
HOW TO CALCULATE ANNUALIZED STANDARD DEVIATION Annualized Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Daily Returns * Square Root (250) Here, we assumed that there were 250 trading days in the year. Depending on weekends and public holidays, this number will vary between 250 and 260. So, if standard deviation of daily returns were 2%, the annualized volatility will be = 2%*Sqrt (250) = 31.6% HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TAXABLE INCOME A permanent difference between taxable income and accounting profits results when a revenue (gain) or expense (loss) enters book income but never recognized in taxable income or vice versa. The difference is permanent as it does not reverse in the future. Thus, book and tax will never equalize. These differences do not result in the creationof a deferred tax.
HIGH QUALITY TUTORIALS FOR FINANCE, RISK, DATA SCIENCE Recent lessons LearnDash Recent tutorials LearnDash. Finance Train. High Quality tutorials for finance, risk, data science ACCESSING BUILT-IN DATASETS IN R Any R package can choose to include datasets. You can access the data from a package using the data () function by using the package argument as follows: data (datasetname, package="packagename") For example, there’s a popular package called MASS which contains datasets (such as Cars93). We can access the Cars93 dataset by callingthe data
HOW TO BUILD EFFICIENT FRONTIER IN EXCEL For example, if we take 50% of each asset, the expected return and risk of the portfolio will be as follows: E (R) = 0.50*12% + 0.50*20% = 16%. σ = Sqrt (0.20^2*0.5^2+0.40^2*0.5^2+2* (-0.2)*0.5*0.5*0.2*0.4) = 20.49%. The following table shows the risk-return profile for different portfolios created by combining the two assets in different THREE METHODOLOGIES FOR CALCULATING VAR This lesson is part 3 of 7 in the course Value at Risk. There are three major methodologies for calculating VaR. Parametric. Monte Carlo. Historical. Note that the risk of nonlinear instruments (for example, options) is more complex to estimate than the risk of linear instruments (for example, traditional stocks, bonds, swaps, forwards,and
COSTS INCLUDED IN INVENTORY The costs that are included in the inventories are called inventoriable costs or product costs and are capitalized and shown in the inventory account on the balance sheet. This is done because expenses must be matched against the revenue they produce. A manufacturer does not incur costs of production until the goods aresold.
HOW TO CALCULATE PORTFOLIO RISK AND RETURN The returns from the portfolio will simply be the weighted average of the returns from the two assets, as shown below: RP = w1R1 + w2R2. Let’s take a simple example. You invested $60,000 in asset 1 that produced 20% returns and $40,000 in asset 2 that produced 12% returns. The weights of the two assets are 60% and 40% respectively.CREDIT RISK
Credit Risk – Logistic Regression Model in R. To build our first model, we will tune Logistic Regression to our training dataset. First we set the seed (to any number. we have chosen 100) so that we can reproduce our results. Then we create a downsampled dataset called samp which contains an equal number of Default and Fully Paid loans. HOW DOES CRYPTOCURRENCY AFFECT THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Cryptocurrencies hold the high ground with most of the transactions, and the US dollar is losing in this battle. Through the years, there have been several attempts to de-dollarize the global economy. Countries and governments wanted to end the reign of the USD. Everyattempt ended in
SIMULATE RANDOM WALK (RW) IN R Simulate Random Walk Series. We can now simulate a random walk series in R by supplying the appropriate parameters to the arima.sim () function as shown below: RW plot.ts (RW,main="Random Walk", col=4) PENSION EXPENSE (BOTH GAAP & IFRS) FOR THE INCOME Pension Expense = increase in the DBO/PBO during the accounting period.. 5 Components of Company Pension Expense. Current Service Cost = amount by which a company’s defined benefit obligation increases as a result of employee service during the accounting period. The current service cost is fully and immediately recognized for theaccounting period.
TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. COMBINED EFFECTS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY Consumption and output will increase. The following table summarizes the effects of Monetary and Fiscal policy. Shift of IS. Shift of LM. Movement. in Output. Movement in BENEFITS AND COSTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE The importing countries such as the US benefit from the lower cost of goods while the exporting countries benefit from more employment, increase in wages, and profits. Along with the benefits, international trade also has its associated costs. With increase in imports, the domestic industries will have to compete with the imported goods. WHAT DO JUNIOR INVESTMENT BANKERS DO? Product bankers are responsible for more transactional work. General activities include: Build financial models (i.e. M&A models, discounted cash flow, and leveraged buyout models, etc.) Work with and support industry bankers in product specific analysis. In general, both the bankers work together on client pitches and transactions,there is a
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL The IASB bases its financial reporting standards on the conceptual framework that it adopted in 2010. The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS TESTING A hypothesis is a statement about one or more populations like the statement above. A hypothesis testing is a standard procedure to test the hypothesis. There could be two possible results: 1) The hypothesis is correct and hence should be accepted. 2) The hypothesis is LIMITATIONS OF MONETARY POLICY Limitations of Monetary Policy. We learned about the monetary policy, the transmission mechanism and how monetary policy can be use to control inflation and bring price stability. However, monetary policies have several limitations and may not always work as intended. One reason is that the monetary policy is not the only thing affectingoutput
R FINANCIAL PACKAGES FOR PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS The PortfolioAnalytics package also comes with the PerformanceAnalytics package, which is useful for calculating portfolio returns. It is used for performance and risk analysis of financial instruments or portfolios. It includes various functions to calculate various metrics such as Conditional Value at Risk (CVAR), Standard Deviation, Expected HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. COMBINED EFFECTS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY Consumption and output will increase. The following table summarizes the effects of Monetary and Fiscal policy. Shift of IS. Shift of LM. Movement. in Output. Movement in BENEFITS AND COSTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE The importing countries such as the US benefit from the lower cost of goods while the exporting countries benefit from more employment, increase in wages, and profits. Along with the benefits, international trade also has its associated costs. With increase in imports, the domestic industries will have to compete with the imported goods. WHAT DO JUNIOR INVESTMENT BANKERS DO? Product bankers are responsible for more transactional work. General activities include: Build financial models (i.e. M&A models, discounted cash flow, and leveraged buyout models, etc.) Work with and support industry bankers in product specific analysis. In general, both the bankers work together on client pitches and transactions,there is a
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL The IASB bases its financial reporting standards on the conceptual framework that it adopted in 2010. The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS TESTING A hypothesis is a statement about one or more populations like the statement above. A hypothesis testing is a standard procedure to test the hypothesis. There could be two possible results: 1) The hypothesis is correct and hence should be accepted. 2) The hypothesis is LIMITATIONS OF MONETARY POLICY Limitations of Monetary Policy. We learned about the monetary policy, the transmission mechanism and how monetary policy can be use to control inflation and bring price stability. However, monetary policies have several limitations and may not always work as intended. One reason is that the monetary policy is not the only thing affectingoutput
R FINANCIAL PACKAGES FOR PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS The PortfolioAnalytics package also comes with the PerformanceAnalytics package, which is useful for calculating portfolio returns. It is used for performance and risk analysis of financial instruments or portfolios. It includes various functions to calculate various metrics such as Conditional Value at Risk (CVAR), Standard Deviation, Expected HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: IASB CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL The IASB bases its financial reporting standards on the conceptual framework that it adopted in 2010. The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. BENEFITS AND COSTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE The importing countries such as the US benefit from the lower cost of goods while the exporting countries benefit from more employment, increase in wages, and profits. Along with the benefits, international trade also has its associated costs. With increase in imports, the domestic industries will have to compete with the imported goods. WHAT DO JUNIOR INVESTMENT BANKERS DO? Product bankers are responsible for more transactional work. General activities include: Build financial models (i.e. M&A models, discounted cash flow, and leveraged buyout models, etc.) Work with and support industry bankers in product specific analysis. In general, both the bankers work together on client pitches and transactions,there is a
TOOLS OF FISCAL POLICY Fiscal policy tools have several advantages. Spending tools enable services such as defense to benefit everyone in the country and build infrastructure that propels growth. Spending tools also ensure a minimum standard of living for the residents. Subsidies in research and development also help in future economic growth.MARKET RISK LIMITS
Market-risk limits are fundamental controls over the risks inherent in trading activities. Banks need to establish market risk limits related to their risk measures and these limits should be consistent with maximum exposures authorized by their senior management and board. These limits are also allocated to business units and individualtraders.
BEST SECTOR FOR LONG-TERM INVESTMENT Below are five reasons why this sector offers an excellent long-term investment opportunity for you. 1. Huge technological advancements. Over the past few years there have been huge technological advancements in the area of drug research. This has led to betterdrugs coming out
ACCESSING BUILT-IN DATASETS IN R Any R package can choose to include datasets. You can access the data from a package using the data () function by using the package argument as follows: data (datasetname, package="packagename") For example, there’s a popular package called MASS which contains datasets (such as Cars93). We can access the Cars93 dataset by callingthe data
HOW TO COMPARE MUTUAL FUND PERFORMANCE Before investing, an investor must carefully look at its expense ratio. The total returns of the funds are expressed net of the fund’s expenses. So, the higher the expense ratio, the more it eats into the total returns of the fund. So, if a fund is earning total returns of 12% but has an expense ratio of 2.5%, you actually earnedonly 9.5%.
HOW DOES CRYPTOCURRENCY AFFECT THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Cryptocurrencies hold the high ground with most of the transactions, and the US dollar is losing in this battle. Through the years, there have been several attempts to de-dollarize the global economy. Countries and governments wanted to end the reign of the USD. Everyattempt ended in
HOW TO GET HISTORICAL BOND PRICES AND YIELDS DATA While we know that there are many sources to get the historical prices for stocks and mutual funds such as Yahoo Finance and Google Finance, getting the historical bond prices and yield data is more complicated. Here we will highlight some of the methods you can use to get such data. FINRA Site. On the FINRA site, you can get the historical prices and yields on municipal bonds and corporateINDUSTRY ANALYSIS
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS TESTING A hypothesis is a statement about one or more populations like the statement above. A hypothesis testing is a standard procedure to test the hypothesis. There could be two possible results: 1) The hypothesis is correct and hence should be accepted. 2) The hypothesis isMARKET RISK LIMITS
Market-risk limits are fundamental controls over the risks inherent in trading activities. Banks need to establish market risk limits related to their risk measures and these limits should be consistent with maximum exposures authorized by their senior management and board. These limits are also allocated to business units and individualtraders.
TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. HOW TO CALCULATE PORTFOLIO RISK AND RETURN The returns from the portfolio will simply be the weighted average of the returns from the two assets, as shown below: RP = w1R1 + w2R2. Let’s take a simple example. You invested $60,000 in asset 1 that produced 20% returns and $40,000 in asset 2 that produced 12% returns. The weights of the two assets are 60% and 40% respectively. FOREX RATES: UNDERSTANDING CROSS RATES The offer price in the cross rate is the rate at which the market maker will: Sell Singapore dollars, and. Buy kronas. If this transaction were carried out in two stages via the US dollar, the market maker would: Sell Singapore dollars and buy US dollars. The USD/SGD rate is 1.4143/48.Since USD is the base, the bid rate of 1.4143 would be quoted.CREDIT RISK
Credit Risk – Logistic Regression Model in R. To build our first model, we will tune Logistic Regression to our training dataset. First we set the seed (to any number. we have chosen 100) so that we can reproduce our results. Then we create a downsampled dataset called samp which contains an equal number of Default and Fully Paid loans. HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: HOW DOES CRYPTOCURRENCY AFFECT THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Cryptocurrencies hold the high ground with most of the transactions, and the US dollar is losing in this battle. Through the years, there have been several attempts to de-dollarize the global economy. Countries and governments wanted to end the reign of the USD. Everyattempt ended in
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
BASEL III FOR DUMMIES Basel III for Dummies. Basel III is the third Basel Accord from Bank of International Settlements. The objective of the Basel III accord is to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The new rules prescribe how to assess risks, and how much capital to set aside for banks in keeping with their riskprofile.
WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS TESTING A hypothesis is a statement about one or more populations like the statement above. A hypothesis testing is a standard procedure to test the hypothesis. There could be two possible results: 1) The hypothesis is correct and hence should be accepted. 2) The hypothesis isMARKET RISK LIMITS
Market-risk limits are fundamental controls over the risks inherent in trading activities. Banks need to establish market risk limits related to their risk measures and these limits should be consistent with maximum exposures authorized by their senior management and board. These limits are also allocated to business units and individualtraders.
TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. HOW TO CALCULATE PORTFOLIO RISK AND RETURN The returns from the portfolio will simply be the weighted average of the returns from the two assets, as shown below: RP = w1R1 + w2R2. Let’s take a simple example. You invested $60,000 in asset 1 that produced 20% returns and $40,000 in asset 2 that produced 12% returns. The weights of the two assets are 60% and 40% respectively. FOREX RATES: UNDERSTANDING CROSS RATES The offer price in the cross rate is the rate at which the market maker will: Sell Singapore dollars, and. Buy kronas. If this transaction were carried out in two stages via the US dollar, the market maker would: Sell Singapore dollars and buy US dollars. The USD/SGD rate is 1.4143/48.Since USD is the base, the bid rate of 1.4143 would be quoted.CREDIT RISK
Credit Risk – Logistic Regression Model in R. To build our first model, we will tune Logistic Regression to our training dataset. First we set the seed (to any number. we have chosen 100) so that we can reproduce our results. Then we create a downsampled dataset called samp which contains an equal number of Default and Fully Paid loans. HOW TO SHOW NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS IN MS EXCEL In accounting and financial models sometimes you will want to show negative numbers in brackets and in red color. For example, you may want to show an expense of $5,000 as (5,000) or (-5,000).. To so so, follow the following steps: HOW DOES CRYPTOCURRENCY AFFECT THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Cryptocurrencies hold the high ground with most of the transactions, and the US dollar is losing in this battle. Through the years, there have been several attempts to de-dollarize the global economy. Countries and governments wanted to end the reign of the USD. Everyattempt ended in
HOW TO CALCULATE PORTFOLIO RISK AND RETURN The returns from the portfolio will simply be the weighted average of the returns from the two assets, as shown below: RP = w1R1 + w2R2. Let’s take a simple example. You invested $60,000 in asset 1 that produced 20% returns and $40,000 in asset 2 that produced 12% returns. The weights of the two assets are 60% and 40% respectively. TRANSFORMING A SERIES TO STATIONARY Transforming a Series to Stationary. Data Science, Statistics. This lesson is part 10 of 27 in the course Financial Time Series Analysis in R. Most financial and economic times series are not stationary. Even when you adjust them for seasonal variations, they will exhibit trends, cycles, random walk and other non-stationary behavior. BEST SECTOR FOR LONG-TERM INVESTMENT Below are five reasons why this sector offers an excellent long-term investment opportunity for you. 1. Huge technological advancements. Over the past few years there have been huge technological advancements in the area of drug research. This has led to betterdrugs coming out
HOW TO BUILD EFFICIENT FRONTIER IN EXCEL For example, if we take 50% of each asset, the expected return and risk of the portfolio will be as follows: E (R) = 0.50*12% + 0.50*20% = 16%. σ = Sqrt (0.20^2*0.5^2+0.40^2*0.5^2+2* (-0.2)*0.5*0.5*0.2*0.4) = 20.49%. The following table shows the risk-return profile for different portfolios created by combining the two assets in different WHAT DO JUNIOR INVESTMENT BANKERS DO? Product bankers are responsible for more transactional work. General activities include: Build financial models (i.e. M&A models, discounted cash flow, and leveraged buyout models, etc.) Work with and support industry bankers in product specific analysis. In general, both the bankers work together on client pitches and transactions,there is a
TYPES OF COMMODITY INVESTMENT STRATEGIES Types of Commodity Investment Strategies. A portfolio manager can use several approaches to make commodity investments. There are three broad approaches: index fund, index-plus strategy, and active long-only strategy. Let’s look at each of these in details. PMT AND RELATED FUNCTIONS (IPMT, PPMT, CUMIPMT, CUMPRINC Assume that you have $100,000 loan at a 6% interest rate to be paid in 10 years with equal annual installments. Your yearly payment for this loan can be calculate using the PMT function. = PMT (rate,nper,pv,fv,type) = PMT (6%,10,10000,0,0) = -$13,586.80. This total payment is made up of both interest and principal payment.CREDIT RISK
Credit Risk – Logistic Regression Model in R. To build our first model, we will tune Logistic Regression to our training dataset. First we set the seed (to any number. we have chosen 100) so that we can reproduce our results. Then we create a downsampled dataset called samp which contains an equal number of Default and Fully Paid loans. HOW DOES CRYPTOCURRENCY AFFECT THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Cryptocurrencies hold the high ground with most of the transactions, and the US dollar is losing in this battle. Through the years, there have been several attempts to de-dollarize the global economy. Countries and governments wanted to end the reign of the USD. Everyattempt ended in
CALCULATING VAR USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION Computing VaR with Monte Carlo Simulations very similar to Historical Simulations. The main difference lies in the first step of the algorithm – instead of using the historical data for the price (or returns) of the asset and assuming that this return (or price) can re-occur in the next time interval, we generate a random number that will be used to estimate the return (or price) of the * Skip to primary navigation* Skip to content
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NEW COURSE – QUANTITATIVE TRADING STRATEGIES WITH RData Science
We are pleased to announce the addition of a new course – Quantitative Trading Strategies with R – to our growing library of courses on Data Science for Finance Professionals. Course: Quantitative Trading Strategies with R A step-by-step approach to building solid quantitative trading strategies using R Quantitative and algorithmic trading now accounts for over one-thirdof all
BACKTESTING QUANTITATIVE TRADING STRATEGIESData Science , Risk
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Backtesting is one of the most important steps in building a successful quantitative trading strategy. It is in fact a key step that differentiates algorithmic trading from discretionary trading. Quants use their computational finance and programming skills to build complex trading strategies. However, before these strategies are executed in the live market, they are tested HOW TO BUILD YOUR OWN QUANTITATIVE TRADING STRATEGYData Science ,
Quantitative Finance As we know, quantitative trading involves developing and executing trading strategies based on quantitative research. The quants traders start with a hypothesis and then conduct extensive data crunching and mathematical computations to identify profitable trading opportunities in the market. The most common inputs to these mathematical models are the price and the volume data, though WHY FINANCIAL TRADERS SHOULD LEARN RData Science ,
Quantitative Finance If you work in the finance industry, especially as a trader, then I bet you can’t live a day without Excel spreadsheets. Excel is one of the most important tools for traders and investors. However, with time, the nature of financial data has become quite complex. The traders need to deal with much larger amounts QUANTITATIVE TRADING VS. ALGORITHMIC TRADINGData Science ,
Quantitative Finance While talking about quants and trading desks, you will often come across terms such as quantitative trading and algorithmic trading. So, what is quantitative trading and how does it differ from algorithmic trading. Let’s take a look. Quantitative trading involves the development of trading strategies with the help of advanced mathematical models. It involves conducting DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODEL AND ALGORITHMData Science
One common problem while working with beginners in data science is the confusion about what is a model and what is an algorithm. In this article, I will try to explain the difference between a model and algorithm in simple words. In simple words, an algorithm is a set of rules to follow to solve WHAT IS REGULARIZATION IN DATA SCIENCE – LASSO, RIDGE AND ELASTICNET
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While building a model in data science, our goal is to fit the model to our data in such a way that the model learns the general pattern/trend in the data. However, this doesn’t always happen. In some cases, the model will very closely follow the training data to the nose rather than just learning NEW COURSE – CREDIT RISK MODELLING IN RData Science
We are pleased to announce the addition of a new course – Credit Risk Modelling in R – to our growing library of courses on Data Science for Finance Professionals. Course: Credit Risk Modelling Learn to model credit risk using statistical models such as logistic regression and decision trees with real-life data. In this course, ourobjective is
PREDICTIVE MODELLING: SPLITTING DATA INTO TRAINING AND TEST SETData Science
One of the most important jobs of a data scientist is to build predictive models for specific business problems. For example, what is the probability that a consumer will default on its loan payment in the next month or its credit card payment. This is a typical example of a predictive model where the data NEW COURSE – FIXED INCOME MARKETS Data Science , FixedIncome Securities
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