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HOW DO PENDULUM CLOCKS WORK? HOW DOES MEMORY FOAM WORK? What is viscoelasticity? Viscous means a material is thick and (reluctantly) runny—treacle, for example, or thick lubricating grease. The more viscous something is, the longer it takes to flow from one place to another. Water isn't very viscous (we say it has "low viscosity") so it flows quickly; honey is fairly viscous (it has high viscosity) so it flows slowly. EXPLAIN THAT STUFFWATER POLLUTIONWIND TURBINESTIMELINEGEARSELECTRIC MOTORSCHROMATOGRAPHY A collection of FREE, easy-to-understand science, technology, and how-it-works articles for the whole family! HOW DO PEDOMETERS WORK? Electronic pedometers. Modern pedometers work in a very similar way but are partly electronic.Open one up and you'll find a metal pendulum (a hammer with a weight on one end) wired into an electronic counting circuit by a thin spring.Normally the circuit is open and no electric current flows through it. As you take a step, the hammer swings across and touches a metal contact in the center HOW OUTBOARD MOTORS WORK HOW HYGROMETERS WORK I f you've ever been in the dry of a desert or the sopping steamy heat of a rainforest, you'll certainly remember it. What makes these extreme environments so different from one another is their humidity: the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Deserts, obviously, contain little or no water, while trekking through a rainforest can feel just like walking through a shower. HOW DO DEHUMIDIFIERS WORK? How does a dehumidifier work? Dehumidifiers work in one of two ways—by refrigeration (cooling air to remove moisture using similar technology to a refrigerator or air conditioner) or by absorption/adsorption (where moisture is absorbed into or adsorbed onto a drying material and then removed). We'll look at each of these in turn. Refrigeration. Warm, moist air is sucked in through a grille HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? How a plasma TV set makes its picture. If you've read our articles on energy-saving fluorescent lamps (also known as CFLs) and neon lamps (the lamps that make brightly colored displays in our streets), you'll know how they make light by buzzing electricity through a gas. Imagine if you built a TV screen out of millions of microscopically tiny CFLs or neon lamps, each of which could be switched HOW DO FIRE SPRINKLERS WORK? How sprinklers work. A sprinkler system is a network of pipes running through the ceiling of a building holding water under pressure. Each sprinkler is nothing but a faucet (or "tap," as they call it in some countries)—a hole in the pipe through which water can escape intothe building below.
HOW DO PENDULUM CLOCKS WORK? HOW DOES MEMORY FOAM WORK? What is viscoelasticity? Viscous means a material is thick and (reluctantly) runny—treacle, for example, or thick lubricating grease. The more viscous something is, the longer it takes to flow from one place to another. Water isn't very viscous (we say it has "low viscosity") so it flows quickly; honey is fairly viscous (it has high viscosity) so it flows slowly. HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? How a plasma TV set makes its picture. If you've read our articles on energy-saving fluorescent lamps (also known as CFLs) and neon lamps (the lamps that make brightly colored displays in our streets), you'll know how they make light by buzzing electricity through a gas. Imagine if you built a TV screen out of millions of microscopically tiny CFLs or neon lamps, each of which could be switched HOW DO RFID AND RF TAGS WORK? RF tags use wireless technology. Radio or wireless is a way of transmitting energy through empty space—that is, instead of using a wire cable. The energy is carried by invisible waves of electricity and magnetism that vibrate through the air at the speed of light. The basic science and the practical technology of wireless communication was developed in the second half of the 19th century. HOW DO THERMOCOUPLES WORK? N ow that's what I call hot! But how hot is it, exactly? If you want to measure the temperature of something as hot as a volcano, an ordinary thermometer isn't any use. Stick the bulb of a mercury thermometer into volcanic lava (which can be well over 1000°C or 1800°F) and you'll get a surprise: the mercury inside will instantly boil (it turns from liquid to gas at a mere 356°C or 674°F HOW HYGROMETERS WORK I f you've ever been in the dry of a desert or the sopping steamy heat of a rainforest, you'll certainly remember it. What makes these extreme environments so different from one another is their humidity: the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Deserts, obviously, contain little or no water, while trekking through a rainforest can feel just like walking through a shower. HOW DO FIRE SPRINKLERS WORK? How sprinklers work. A sprinkler system is a network of pipes running through the ceiling of a building holding water under pressure. Each sprinkler is nothing but a faucet (or "tap," as they call it in some countries)—a hole in the pipe through which water can escape intothe building below.
HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary HOW DO CENTRIFUGES WORK? How does a laboratory centrifuge work? Artwork: Inside a typical high-speed laboratory centrifuge. From US Patent 2,699,289: High-speed centrifuge by Robert R. Allen, Custom Scientific Instruments Inc., patented January 11, 1955, courtesy of US Patent and Trademark Office. If you've studied biology or chemistry in school, you've probably used a small, laboratory centrifuge like this one. HOW DO WEBCAMS WORK? E ver wanted to run your own TV station? A webcam lets you do just that. With one of these tiny, bug-eyed cameras hooked up to your computer, you can broadcast pictures of yourself or your home to the entire world!A webcam is a bit like a digital camera and works much the same way. But unlike a digital camera, it's designed to make relatively compact digital photos that are easy to upload onto HOW DO SELF-CLEANING WINDOWS WORK? I t's a disaster! They've invented windows that can clean themselves! If, like me, you're one of the minuscule minority who actually enjoy cleaning your windows, this new technological development will fill you with horror. For the rest of humanity—the millions of people who loathe wobbling up ladders, bucket and soapy squeegee in hand—the prospect of windows that keep themselves sparkling PLASMA ARC WASTE RECYCLING Pros and cons. Like every other waste-treatment process, plasma arc recycling has its pros and cons. But it's important to remember that most of us produce a significant amount of waste that must be disposed of somehow.Waste is a problem that needs a EXPLAIN THAT STUFFWATER POLLUTIONWIND TURBINESTIMELINEGEARSELECTRIC MOTORSCHROMATOGRAPHY Explain that Stuff is an online book written by science writer Chris Woodford (author of many popular science books for adults and children). It includes over 400 easy-to-understand articles, richly illustrated with clear artworks and animations, covering how thingswork, cutting-edge
HOW DO PEDOMETERS WORK? Electronic pedometers. Modern pedometers work in a very similar way but are partly electronic.Open one up and you'll find a metal pendulum (a hammer with a weight on one end) wired into an electronic counting circuit by a thin spring.Normally the circuit is open and no electric current flows through it. As you take a step, the hammer swings across and touches a metal contact in the center HOW OUTBOARD MOTORS WORK HOW DO DIGITAL PENS WORK? The microchip in the pen uses the pattern of reflections to store images of the words you're writing. The Bluetooth antenna built into the pen transmits the stored data wirelessly and invisibly through the air. The wireless receiver in your computer picks up HOW DO DEHUMIDIFIERS WORK? An air duct underneath is kept hot by an electric heating element (yellow). The moisture-absorbing wheel rotates through the heated air space and has hot air blown past it to dry it out. The air is sucked past by a fan and electric motor similar to the one HOW DO MASS SPECTROMETERS WORK? E veryone loves a rainbow and most people understand, at least roughly, how they work: raindrops split a beam of white sunlight into rays of colored light, bending the blueish ones more than the reddish ones to make the well-known arc in the sky.Rain, then, is a brilliant method for separating sunlight. Chemists and physicists use a similar method for separating mixtures of substances into HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DO PENDULUM CLOCKS WORK? HOW DOES MEMORY FOAM WORK? 3) Memory foam mattresses work (in theory) like an infinite number of springs, flexing exactly to your body shape. The idea of memory foam is incredibly simple. Instead of sleeping on springs, you sleep on very thick foam that gives way where you press on it. HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary EXPLAIN THAT STUFFWATER POLLUTIONWIND TURBINESTIMELINEGEARSELECTRIC MOTORSCHROMATOGRAPHY Explain that Stuff is an online book written by science writer Chris Woodford (author of many popular science books for adults and children). It includes over 400 easy-to-understand articles, richly illustrated with clear artworks and animations, covering how thingswork, cutting-edge
HOW DO PEDOMETERS WORK? Electronic pedometers. Modern pedometers work in a very similar way but are partly electronic.Open one up and you'll find a metal pendulum (a hammer with a weight on one end) wired into an electronic counting circuit by a thin spring.Normally the circuit is open and no electric current flows through it. As you take a step, the hammer swings across and touches a metal contact in the center HOW OUTBOARD MOTORS WORK HOW DO DIGITAL PENS WORK? The microchip in the pen uses the pattern of reflections to store images of the words you're writing. The Bluetooth antenna built into the pen transmits the stored data wirelessly and invisibly through the air. The wireless receiver in your computer picks up HOW DO DEHUMIDIFIERS WORK? An air duct underneath is kept hot by an electric heating element (yellow). The moisture-absorbing wheel rotates through the heated air space and has hot air blown past it to dry it out. The air is sucked past by a fan and electric motor similar to the one HOW DO MASS SPECTROMETERS WORK? E veryone loves a rainbow and most people understand, at least roughly, how they work: raindrops split a beam of white sunlight into rays of colored light, bending the blueish ones more than the reddish ones to make the well-known arc in the sky.Rain, then, is a brilliant method for separating sunlight. Chemists and physicists use a similar method for separating mixtures of substances into HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DO PENDULUM CLOCKS WORK? HOW DOES MEMORY FOAM WORK? 3) Memory foam mattresses work (in theory) like an infinite number of springs, flexing exactly to your body shape. The idea of memory foam is incredibly simple. Instead of sleeping on springs, you sleep on very thick foam that gives way where you press on it. HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary HOW DO CENTRIFUGES WORK? One ingenious solution to that problem is a cunning device called a centrifugal governor. It's a pair of weights on moving arms fastened to a spinning shaft. As the shaft spins faster, the weights fly outward and the arms move out. That closes a valve that HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary HOW DO WEBCAMS WORK? E ver wanted to run your own TV station? A webcam lets you do just that. With one of these tiny, bug-eyed cameras hooked up to your computer, you can broadcast pictures of yourself or your home to the entire world!A webcam is a bit like a digital camera and works much the same way. But unlike a digital camera, it's designed to make relatively compact digital photos that are easy to upload onto HOW DO SELF-CLEANING WINDOWS WORK? I t's a disaster! They've invented windows that can clean themselves! If, like me, you're one of the minuscule minority who actually enjoy cleaning your windows, this new technological development will fill you with horror. For the rest of humanity—the millions of people who loathe wobbling up ladders, bucket and soapy squeegee in hand—the prospect of windows that keep themselves sparkling HOW DO ANTI-STATIC PRODUCTS WORK? S tatic electricity can be brilliantly useful: photocopiers and laser printers wouldn't work without it. But think about lightning for a moment and you'll see it can also be pretty scary. Although static isn't harmful by itself, when large amounts of it build up and suddenly discharge you can get dramatic and dangerous sparks (it takes about 3000 volts to make a spark just 1mm long). HOW DO SOLAR HOT WATER PANELS WORK? In theory. Here's a simple summary of how rooftop solar hot-water panels work: In the simplest panels, Sun heats water flowing in a circuit through the collector (the panel on your roof). The water leaving the collector is hotter than the water entering it HOW DO PYROMETERS AND INFRARED THERMOMETERS WORK Optical pyrometers. Until microchips and compact electronic equipment became popular in the 1980s, a manual optical pyrometer was what you used if you wanted to measure the temperature of something extremely hot and relatively inaccessible, such as the inside of a steel furnace or a pottery kiln. It measured the temperature, at a safe distance, by comparing the radiation the hot object HOW DO CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS WORK? Once the carbon monoxide's removed, this metal salt steals some oxygen from the air and changes the catalyst back to its original chemical form—so the detector spot changes color back to beige again. In other words, the catalyst regenerates itself in the air. Photo: An inexpensive, blob-type carbon monoxide detector. THE SCIENCE OF SWIMMING The Science of Sport: Swimming by by Alexander Marinof and Dr John Coumbe-Lilley. The Crowood Press, 2017. This book puts the emphasis on getting your mind and body in peak shape for swimming; there's less about physics, fluid dynamics, and those sorts of topics. EXPLAIN THAT STUFFWATER POLLUTIONWIND TURBINESTIMELINEGEARSELECTRIC MOTORSCHROMATOGRAPHY Explain that Stuff is an online book written by science writer Chris Woodford (author of many popular science books for adults and children). It includes over 400 easy-to-understand articles, richly illustrated with clear artworks and animations, covering how thingswork, cutting-edge
HOW DO PEDOMETERS WORK? Electronic pedometers. Modern pedometers work in a very similar way but are partly electronic.Open one up and you'll find a metal pendulum (a hammer with a weight on one end) wired into an electronic counting circuit by a thin spring.Normally the circuit is open and no electric current flows through it. As you take a step, the hammer swings across and touches a metal contact in the center HOW OUTBOARD MOTORS WORK HOW DO DIGITAL PENS WORK? The microchip in the pen uses the pattern of reflections to store images of the words you're writing. The Bluetooth antenna built into the pen transmits the stored data wirelessly and invisibly through the air. The wireless receiver in your computer picks up HOW DO DEHUMIDIFIERS WORK? An air duct underneath is kept hot by an electric heating element (yellow). The moisture-absorbing wheel rotates through the heated air space and has hot air blown past it to dry it out. The air is sucked past by a fan and electric motor similar to the one HOW DO MASS SPECTROMETERS WORK? E veryone loves a rainbow and most people understand, at least roughly, how they work: raindrops split a beam of white sunlight into rays of colored light, bending the blueish ones more than the reddish ones to make the well-known arc in the sky.Rain, then, is a brilliant method for separating sunlight. Chemists and physicists use a similar method for separating mixtures of substances into HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DO PENDULUM CLOCKS WORK? HOW DOES MEMORY FOAM WORK? 3) Memory foam mattresses work (in theory) like an infinite number of springs, flexing exactly to your body shape. The idea of memory foam is incredibly simple. Instead of sleeping on springs, you sleep on very thick foam that gives way where you press on it. HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary EXPLAIN THAT STUFFWATER POLLUTIONWIND TURBINESTIMELINEGEARSELECTRIC MOTORSCHROMATOGRAPHY Explain that Stuff is an online book written by science writer Chris Woodford (author of many popular science books for adults and children). It includes over 400 easy-to-understand articles, richly illustrated with clear artworks and animations, covering how thingswork, cutting-edge
HOW DO PEDOMETERS WORK? Electronic pedometers. Modern pedometers work in a very similar way but are partly electronic.Open one up and you'll find a metal pendulum (a hammer with a weight on one end) wired into an electronic counting circuit by a thin spring.Normally the circuit is open and no electric current flows through it. As you take a step, the hammer swings across and touches a metal contact in the center HOW OUTBOARD MOTORS WORK HOW DO DIGITAL PENS WORK? The microchip in the pen uses the pattern of reflections to store images of the words you're writing. The Bluetooth antenna built into the pen transmits the stored data wirelessly and invisibly through the air. The wireless receiver in your computer picks up HOW DO DEHUMIDIFIERS WORK? An air duct underneath is kept hot by an electric heating element (yellow). The moisture-absorbing wheel rotates through the heated air space and has hot air blown past it to dry it out. The air is sucked past by a fan and electric motor similar to the one HOW DO MASS SPECTROMETERS WORK? E veryone loves a rainbow and most people understand, at least roughly, how they work: raindrops split a beam of white sunlight into rays of colored light, bending the blueish ones more than the reddish ones to make the well-known arc in the sky.Rain, then, is a brilliant method for separating sunlight. Chemists and physicists use a similar method for separating mixtures of substances into HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DO PENDULUM CLOCKS WORK? HOW DOES MEMORY FOAM WORK? 3) Memory foam mattresses work (in theory) like an infinite number of springs, flexing exactly to your body shape. The idea of memory foam is incredibly simple. Instead of sleeping on springs, you sleep on very thick foam that gives way where you press on it. HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary HOW DO CENTRIFUGES WORK? One ingenious solution to that problem is a cunning device called a centrifugal governor. It's a pair of weights on moving arms fastened to a spinning shaft. As the shaft spins faster, the weights fly outward and the arms move out. That closes a valve that HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary HOW DO WEBCAMS WORK? E ver wanted to run your own TV station? A webcam lets you do just that. With one of these tiny, bug-eyed cameras hooked up to your computer, you can broadcast pictures of yourself or your home to the entire world!A webcam is a bit like a digital camera and works much the same way. But unlike a digital camera, it's designed to make relatively compact digital photos that are easy to upload onto HOW DO SELF-CLEANING WINDOWS WORK? I t's a disaster! They've invented windows that can clean themselves! If, like me, you're one of the minuscule minority who actually enjoy cleaning your windows, this new technological development will fill you with horror. For the rest of humanity—the millions of people who loathe wobbling up ladders, bucket and soapy squeegee in hand—the prospect of windows that keep themselves sparkling HOW DO ANTI-STATIC PRODUCTS WORK? S tatic electricity can be brilliantly useful: photocopiers and laser printers wouldn't work without it. But think about lightning for a moment and you'll see it can also be pretty scary. Although static isn't harmful by itself, when large amounts of it build up and suddenly discharge you can get dramatic and dangerous sparks (it takes about 3000 volts to make a spark just 1mm long). HOW DO SOLAR HOT WATER PANELS WORK? In theory. Here's a simple summary of how rooftop solar hot-water panels work: In the simplest panels, Sun heats water flowing in a circuit through the collector (the panel on your roof). The water leaving the collector is hotter than the water entering it HOW DO PYROMETERS AND INFRARED THERMOMETERS WORK Optical pyrometers. Until microchips and compact electronic equipment became popular in the 1980s, a manual optical pyrometer was what you used if you wanted to measure the temperature of something extremely hot and relatively inaccessible, such as the inside of a steel furnace or a pottery kiln. It measured the temperature, at a safe distance, by comparing the radiation the hot object HOW DO CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS WORK? Once the carbon monoxide's removed, this metal salt steals some oxygen from the air and changes the catalyst back to its original chemical form—so the detector spot changes color back to beige again. In other words, the catalyst regenerates itself in the air. Photo: An inexpensive, blob-type carbon monoxide detector. THE SCIENCE OF SWIMMING The Science of Sport: Swimming by by Alexander Marinof and Dr John Coumbe-Lilley. The Crowood Press, 2017. This book puts the emphasis on getting your mind and body in peak shape for swimming; there's less about physics, fluid dynamics, and those sorts of topics. EXPLAIN THAT STUFFWATER POLLUTIONWIND TURBINESTIMELINEGEARSELECTRIC MOTORSCHROMATOGRAPHY Explain that Stuff is an online book written by science writer Chris Woodford (author of many popular science books for adults and children). It includes over 400 easy-to-understand articles, richly illustrated with clear artworks and animations, covering how thingswork, cutting-edge
HOW HYGROMETERS WORK Typically, they measure the capacitance or resistance of a sample of air and calculate the humidity from that. In a capacitive hygrometer, there are two metal plates with air in between them. The more water there is in the air, the more it affects the plates' capacitance(ability to store a
HOW DO PEDOMETERS WORK? Electronic pedometers. Modern pedometers work in a very similar way but are partly electronic.Open one up and you'll find a metal pendulum (a hammer with a weight on one end) wired into an electronic counting circuit by a thin spring.Normally the circuit is open and no electric current flows through it. As you take a step, the hammer swings across and touches a metal contact in the center HOW DO BINOCULARS WORK? The giant Fresnel lens surrounding a lighthouse lamp are designed to concentrate the light into a parallel beam so you can see it at a great distance. The lenses in binoculars do the opposite job, focusing light rays from far off so you can see distant things HOW DO FINGERPRINT SCANNERS WORK A row of LEDs scans bright light onto the glass (or plastic) surface on which your finger is pressing (sometimes called the platen). The quality of the image will vary according to how you're pressing, how clean or greasy your fingers are, how clean the scanning surface is, the light level in the room, and so on. HOW DOES A PRESSURE WASHER WORK? Powered by the engine or motor, a water pump (impeller) draws in the detergent and water and mixes them together. Most washers also heat the water to a temperature of 50–70°C (125–155°F). The pump squirts out the hot, soapy water through the reinforced, high-pressure exit hose (and whatever attachment is fixed onto it). HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DOES MEMORY FOAM WORK? 3) Memory foam mattresses work (in theory) like an infinite number of springs, flexing exactly to your body shape. The idea of memory foam is incredibly simple. Instead of sleeping on springs, you sleep on very thick foam that gives way where you press on it. HOW DOES LOW-E, HEAT-REFLECTIVE GLASS WORK? Photo: How low-E glass works by treating light and heat in different ways. On hot summer days, light can pass through, but the heat from the Sun will reflect back out again. On cold winter nights, more of the heat generated inside your home will stay there instead of leaking out through your windows. EXPLAIN THAT STUFFWATER POLLUTIONWIND TURBINESTIMELINEGEARSELECTRIC MOTORSCHROMATOGRAPHY Explain that Stuff is an online book written by science writer Chris Woodford (author of many popular science books for adults and children). It includes over 400 easy-to-understand articles, richly illustrated with clear artworks and animations, covering how thingswork, cutting-edge
HOW HYGROMETERS WORK Typically, they measure the capacitance or resistance of a sample of air and calculate the humidity from that. In a capacitive hygrometer, there are two metal plates with air in between them. The more water there is in the air, the more it affects the plates' capacitance(ability to store a
HOW DO PEDOMETERS WORK? Electronic pedometers. Modern pedometers work in a very similar way but are partly electronic.Open one up and you'll find a metal pendulum (a hammer with a weight on one end) wired into an electronic counting circuit by a thin spring.Normally the circuit is open and no electric current flows through it. As you take a step, the hammer swings across and touches a metal contact in the center HOW DO BINOCULARS WORK? The giant Fresnel lens surrounding a lighthouse lamp are designed to concentrate the light into a parallel beam so you can see it at a great distance. The lenses in binoculars do the opposite job, focusing light rays from far off so you can see distant things HOW DO FINGERPRINT SCANNERS WORK A row of LEDs scans bright light onto the glass (or plastic) surface on which your finger is pressing (sometimes called the platen). The quality of the image will vary according to how you're pressing, how clean or greasy your fingers are, how clean the scanning surface is, the light level in the room, and so on. HOW DOES A PRESSURE WASHER WORK? Powered by the engine or motor, a water pump (impeller) draws in the detergent and water and mixes them together. Most washers also heat the water to a temperature of 50–70°C (125–155°F). The pump squirts out the hot, soapy water through the reinforced, high-pressure exit hose (and whatever attachment is fixed onto it). HOW DO DISHWASHERS WORK? How a dishwasher works. Cold water is piped into the machine from your home water supply. The heating element at the bottom of the machine, powered by electricity, warms the water to a temperature of 30–60°C (86–140°F).That's far hotter than the water most people would use to wash by hand, which is one reason why dishwashers are more hygienic (remove more bacteria) than ordinary HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DOES MEMORY FOAM WORK? 3) Memory foam mattresses work (in theory) like an infinite number of springs, flexing exactly to your body shape. The idea of memory foam is incredibly simple. Instead of sleeping on springs, you sleep on very thick foam that gives way where you press on it. HOW DOES LOW-E, HEAT-REFLECTIVE GLASS WORK? Photo: How low-E glass works by treating light and heat in different ways. On hot summer days, light can pass through, but the heat from the Sun will reflect back out again. On cold winter nights, more of the heat generated inside your home will stay there instead of leaking out through your windows. HOW DOES A PLASMA TV WORK? In a CFL, the phosphor is the chalky white coating on the inside of the glass tube and it works like a filter. When electricity flows into the tube, gas atoms crash about inside it and generate invisible ultraviolet light. The white phosphor coating turns this invisible light into visible white light. In a plasma TV, the cells are a bitlike
HOW DO HOVERCRAFT WORK? Photo: A typical hovercraft has two or more fans. The main fan in the center blows air downward to push the craft upward, above the water. Two or more other fans at the back blow air backward to make the craft go forward. This is an example HOW DO MASS SPECTROMETERS WORK? E veryone loves a rainbow and most people understand, at least roughly, how they work: raindrops split a beam of white sunlight into rays of colored light, bending the blueish ones more than the reddish ones to make the well-known arc in the sky.Rain, then, is a brilliant method for separating sunlight. Chemists and physicists use a similar method for separating mixtures of substances into HOW DO BREADMAKING MACHINES WORK? The basic process of making a loaf involves five distinct stages: Mixing: You take flour, yeast, water, fat, sugar, and salt and mix them together to make dough. Kneading: You have to beat and bash the dough around to make it stretchy and elastic. Without kneading, your dough won't rise and you won't get a decent loaf. HOW OUTBOARD MOTORS WORK The cylinders have sliding pistons that push a crank around and the crank drives a shaft that (eventually) powers the wheels. Much the same happens in an outboard motor. The main difference is that there are usually fewer cylinders, operating in either a two-stage or four-stage cycle. Instead of driving a gearbox, the motor powers apropeller.
HOW DO ELECTRIC BICYCLES WORK? Most electric bikes work a different way. They have compact electric motors built into the hub of the back or front wheel (or mounted in the center of the bike and connected to the pedal sprocket). Take a look at the hub of an electric bike and probably you'll PLASMA ARC WASTE RECYCLING The plasma arc in a waste plant heats the waste to temperatures anywhere from about 1000–15,000°C (1800–27,000°F), but typically in the middle of that range, melting the waste and then turning it into vapor. Simple organic (carbon-based) materials cool back down into relatively clean gases; metals and other inorganic wastes fusetogether
HOW DO SOLAR HOT WATER PANELS WORK? In theory. Here's a simple summary of how rooftop solar hot-water panels work: In the simplest panels, Sun heats water flowing in a circuit through the collector (the panel on your roof). The water leaving the collector is hotter than the water entering it HOW DO JET SKIS WORK? The answer is that the action and the reaction act on different things. The action is you pulling back on the water. The reaction is your body moving through the water. The action is a force acting backwards on the water; the reaction is a force acting forwards on your body. The forces don't cancel out because they act on differentthings.
HOW DO PENDULUM CLOCKS WORK? A summary of how clocks work. In summary, then, the key parts of a pendulum clock are: A dial and hands that indicate the time. A weight that stores (potential) energy and releases it to the clock mechanism as it falls, very gradually, over the course of a day (or several days, if you're lucky). Winding the clock raises the weight back upOK!
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Want to know how your earbuds make music, how telephones squeeze sounds down wires, what graphene is, or how windows can clean themselves? You've come to the right place! Here you'll find simple explanations you can really understand—hurrah!— HARD STUFF... MADE SIMPLE! Explain that Stuff is an online book written by British science writer Chris Woodford (author of many popular science books for adults and children, including Atoms Under the Floorboards: The Surprising Science Hidden in Your Home ). It includes 450 easy-to-understand articles, richly illustrated with easy-to-understand artworks and animations, covering how things work, cutting-edge science, cool gadgets, and computers. We take the "pain" from explain and the "tough" out of stuff! There's more information on this website than in your average expensive science book, it's continually updated, and it's completely free to use! Explain that Stuff also helps to support curriculum learning (conventional STEM education and home-schooling). WHAT'S HOT IN MARCH 2020?In the news now...
* SUPERCOMPUTERS: As panic mounts over the coronavirus, scientists are exploring how to use the world's most powerful computers to model how the virus behaves and develop vaccines. Find out more about supercomputers and how they differ from the PC on your desk. * CLIMATE CHANGE: Following devastating summer bush fires in Australia and flooding in the UK, more people are asking themselves whether extreme weather events are signs of a growing climate emergency. A new scientific study has found that computer models have been accurately predicting what we're now seeing for several decades, so the grave _future_ predictions of these models should give us real pause for thought as "global heating" gathers pace. Find out more in our simple introduction to global warming and climate change.
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you'll quickly realize if you find yourself in hospital. * WIND POWER: The world's biggest farm of offshore wind turbines is set to be built off the coast of Yorkshire, England. With blades over 100m long, each turbine can make power for 220 homes. Altogether, the farm will make enough clean wind energy to keen 4.5 million homes ticking over! * AIR POLLUTION: New research shows that when the outdoor air is really dirty, there's a big increase in heart attacks and strokes. But, 300 years on from the invention of the steam engine, why is air pollution still such a problem?MOST POPULAR
These are some more of our classic, ever-popular articles: * Water pollution : Rivers and seas take a long time to recover from the effects of careless human treatment. What causes pollution and what can we do to stop it? * Electricity : The most versatile and useful form of energy in our world, electricity is going to become a whole lot more important in future. * Nanotechnology : Can we build a brave new world just by shuffling atoms and molecules under a microscope? * Magnetism : One of the first bits of science people studied, magnetism is still just as relevant today in everything from electric cars to body scans at the hospital. * Gears : Wheels with teeth carved around them can make you go faster or bump up your power—and here's how! * Batteries : We all need electricity, wherever we happen to be, so thank goodness for batteries—miniature power plants you can carry in your pocket! * Electric motors : These amazing machines turn electricity and magnetism into movement, powering everything from handheld toothbrushes to bikes, cars, and trains. * Cloud computing : Why buy yourself an expensive computer or programs to go with it when you can get access to something just as good over the Internet? WHAT ELSE IS ON OUR SITE? The hundreds of detailed articles on our site are divided up into a number of broad topical areas, which we've listed below. We've also given you a rough idea of the kind of questions you're going to find answers to in each section! * Communications : Why do we bounce telephone calls off satellites? How do cellphones work? What's the difference between digital radio and ordinary radio? * Computers : How can you make a computer think like a human brain or cause climate change inside your PC? Who invented the computer—and why on Earth did it take them so long? * Electricity and electronics : How can you make coffee with a stream of electrons? How can magnets detect burglars in your home? * Energy : How does wind energy come from the Sun? Is nuclear power safe or not? * Engineering : What stops a bridge falling over? How come a person can lift more stuff with a crane than with their bare hands? * Environment : Can we still stop dangerous climate change? What causes air and water pollution and how can the world clean up its act? * Gadgets : How does a flash memory card store your holiday snaps? Why can a synthesizer mimic any musical instrument that's ever been invented (and even ones that haven'tbeen)?
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LIKE THIS SITE? GET THE BOOK! Why do skyscrapers wobble in the wind? Why can't you cool your home with a giant block of ice? Could you microwave your dinner with a cellphone? What's the hidden connection between a bicycle and a suspension bridge? If questions like this are constantly buzzing round your brain, you'll love my new book, _Atoms Under the Floorboards: The Surprising Science Hidden in Your Home_, published worldwide by Bloomsbury. Please click here to find out more. Please do NOT copy our articles onto blogs and other websites Text on this website is copyright © Chris Woodford 2000, 2020. All rights reserved. Full copyright notice and terms of use.
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