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COMPANIES ARE DROPPING BACHELOR DEGREE EXPECTATION Companies are Dropping Bachelor Degree Expectation. Recently, there has been a rising trend in companies dropping the need to have a four-year college degree. This has raised several interesting questions as to whether this is a wise decision or not. However, whenever a decision is made, it is essential to look at the pros and cons of the decision. NEW CHANGES TO MATH CURRICULUM IN CALIFORNIA The proposed mathematics framework in California has placed a heavy emphasis on equity in the teaching of math. The document makes several statements to support this, such as the following. "All students are capable of making these contributions and achieving these abilities at the highest levels," In other words, all students can experience success in mathematics. ESSENTIALIST TEACHER Essentialist Teacher. Essentialism was an educational philosophy that was reacting to the superficiality of instruction that was associated with progressivism and the aristocratic air that was linked with perennialism. Essentialism was a call to teach the basics. This position of providing a no frill basic education for employment is the TYPES & LEVELS OF CONFLICT IN THE CLASSROOM Conflict is a reality that few people enjoy. Whether we like it or not, students often disagree and challenge each other and even the teacher at times. In this pos4t, we will look at conflict types and levels of conflict. Affective Conflict Affective conflict is emotional conflict. In other words, there is an emotional incompatibilityAPA TABLES IN R
This file will be saved in your R working directory. You can also provide other information such as the table number and confidence level if you desire. There will be two outputs in our code. The output to the console is in R. A second output will be in a word doc. Below is the code. apa.aov.table(lm(mpg~cyl,mtcars),filename = "Example1.doc PERENNIALIST TEACHER Perennialism was a strong educational movement in the early part of the 20th century. It pushed a call to return to older ways of learning and instruction in order to strengthen the man in preparation for life. In this post, we will look briefly at the history, ADDING TEXT AND LINES TO PLOTS IN R There are times when a researcher may want to add annotated information to a plot. Example of annotation includes text and or different lines to clarify information. In this post we will learn how to add lines and text to a plot. For the lines, we are speaking of lines that are added mainly andPOSTMODERN TEACHER
During the last half of the 20th century the philosophical school of post-modernism arose. Just as with existentialism, post-modernism is a school of thought that is anti-definition and anti-organized. As such, it is hard to pinned down exactly what post-modernist believe and stand for in a way that this could be done for older philosophies. STATES PUSH BACK AGAINST CRITICAL RACE THEORY Recently, there is a movement in Texas t o ban critical race theory in schools there. The bill is currently in committee and has a strong chance of passing. The complaint against critical race theory in Texas is its divisive nature and the depiction of White Americans as implicitly racist and complicit in a system of oppression againstminorities.
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND SCHOOLS 22 hours ago · The culture of an organization is one of the main factors in motivating the actions and attitudes of employees. The culture of an organization is what brings people together for a common purpose. As such, since these ideas on culture come from business, this may be something that administrators and teachers need to beaware
COMPANIES ARE DROPPING BACHELOR DEGREE EXPECTATION Companies are Dropping Bachelor Degree Expectation. Recently, there has been a rising trend in companies dropping the need to have a four-year college degree. This has raised several interesting questions as to whether this is a wise decision or not. However, whenever a decision is made, it is essential to look at the pros and cons of the decision. NEW CHANGES TO MATH CURRICULUM IN CALIFORNIA The proposed mathematics framework in California has placed a heavy emphasis on equity in the teaching of math. The document makes several statements to support this, such as the following. "All students are capable of making these contributions and achieving these abilities at the highest levels," In other words, all students can experience success in mathematics. ESSENTIALIST TEACHER Essentialist Teacher. Essentialism was an educational philosophy that was reacting to the superficiality of instruction that was associated with progressivism and the aristocratic air that was linked with perennialism. Essentialism was a call to teach the basics. This position of providing a no frill basic education for employment is the TYPES & LEVELS OF CONFLICT IN THE CLASSROOM Conflict is a reality that few people enjoy. Whether we like it or not, students often disagree and challenge each other and even the teacher at times. In this pos4t, we will look at conflict types and levels of conflict. Affective Conflict Affective conflict is emotional conflict. In other words, there is an emotional incompatibilityAPA TABLES IN R
This file will be saved in your R working directory. You can also provide other information such as the table number and confidence level if you desire. There will be two outputs in our code. The output to the console is in R. A second output will be in a word doc. Below is the code. apa.aov.table(lm(mpg~cyl,mtcars),filename = "Example1.doc PERENNIALIST TEACHER Perennialism was a strong educational movement in the early part of the 20th century. It pushed a call to return to older ways of learning and instruction in order to strengthen the man in preparation for life. In this post, we will look briefly at the history, ADDING TEXT AND LINES TO PLOTS IN R There are times when a researcher may want to add annotated information to a plot. Example of annotation includes text and or different lines to clarify information. In this post we will learn how to add lines and text to a plot. For the lines, we are speaking of lines that are added mainly andPOSTMODERN TEACHER
During the last half of the 20th century the philosophical school of post-modernism arose. Just as with existentialism, post-modernism is a school of thought that is anti-definition and anti-organized. As such, it is hard to pinned down exactly what post-modernist believe and stand for in a way that this could be done for older philosophies. STATES PUSH BACK AGAINST CRITICAL RACE THEORY Recently, there is a movement in Texas t o ban critical race theory in schools there. The bill is currently in committee and has a strong chance of passing. The complaint against critical race theory in Texas is its divisive nature and the depiction of White Americans as implicitly racist and complicit in a system of oppression againstminorities.
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND SCHOOLS 22 hours ago · The culture of an organization is one of the main factors in motivating the actions and attitudes of employees. The culture of an organization is what brings people together for a common purpose. As such, since these ideas on culture come from business, this may be something that administrators and teachers need to beaware
ROLES OF THE TEACHER All teachers are called to a variety of responsibilities in their position. This post will look at the significant roles teachers play in their position as instructional leaders in and outside the classroom. Interpersonal Role The interpersonal roles of a teacher can be broken down into two main categories, and these are interpersonalroles within
LEADERSHIP SUBSTIUTES AND NEUTRALIZERS IN THE CLASSROOM Leading in the classroom is a serious challenge for even experienced teachers. However, teachers can take actions to enhance their leadership in ways that do not require more work. This post will look at leadership substitutes and leadership neutralizers and how these ideas help and hurt a teacher in the classroom. Substitutes Substitutes for leadership STATES PUSH BACK AGAINST CRITICAL RACE THEORY Recently, there is a movement in Texas t o ban critical race theory in schools there. The bill is currently in committee and has a strong chance of passing. The complaint against critical race theory in Texas is its divisive nature and the depiction of White Americans as implicitly racist and complicit in a system of oppression againstminorities.
CIRCLES: VIDEO
Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHIES AND EDUCATION In research related to education and learning theories, there are two major philosophies that influence almost the entire field of education. The name of these two philosophies are rationalism and empiricism. In this post, we will take a closer look at each of these philosophies and their impact on education. Rationalism Rationalism isa form
THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION AND R Theoretical Distribution and R. This post will explore an example of testing if a dataset fits a specific theoretical distribution. This is a very important aspect of statistical modeling as it allows to understand the normality of the data and the appropriate steps needed to take to prepare for analysis. PROPORTION TEST IN R 1. prop.test is the function used 2. The first value of 2944 is the total number of students in the sample 3. n = is the sample size 4. p= 0.5 is the theoretical proportion 5. alternative =“two.sided” means we want a two-tail test 6. correct = FALSE means we do not want a correction applied to the z-test. FINDING TEXT IN A VECTOR IN R To solve this problem, you need to learn how to search text by searching for a pattern. Below is an example of how to do this followed by an explanation. You have to create the variable ‘Student.names’ and type all the names above as a vector. Next, you use the ‘grep’ function to determine which of the names startwith “E” in the
DECISIONS TREES WITH TITANIC Decisions Trees with Titanic. In this post, we will make predictions about Titanic survivors using decision trees. The advantage of decisions trees is that they split the data into clearly defined groups. This process continues until the data is divided into extremely small subsets. This subsetting is used for makingpredictions.
ONLINE COURSES
ERT is proud to announce that we are partnering with Udemy to offer online courses. Below are the courses that are currently available. Easier: Practical Applications of Machine Learning Algorithms in R The exploration of various algorithms used in machine learning are covered in this course. Such concepts as, decision trees, random forest,support vector
ABOUT | EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNIQUESABOUT ME AS A WRITER The purpose of this blog is to share information. As a lecturer at a university, my primary job is to communicate complex ideas in as simple of language as possible. The challenge has always been to make it simple. In response to this, I created a blog that would help me to clarify the ideas and ESSENTIALIST TEACHER Essentialism was an educational philosophy that was reacting to the superficiality of instruction that was associated with progressivism and the aristocratic air that was linked with perennialism. Essentialism was a call to teach the basics. This position of providing a no frill basic education for employment is the primary position of most educational positions in NEW CHANGES TO MATH CURRICULUM IN CALIFORNIA The proposed mathematics framework in California has placed a heavy emphasis on equity in the teaching of math. The document makes several statements to support this, such as the following. "All students are capable of making these contributions and achieving these abilities at the highest levels," In other words, all students can experience success in mathematics. PERENNIALIST TEACHER Perennialism was a strong educational movement in the early part of the 20th century. It pushed a call to return to older ways of learning and instruction in order to strengthen the man in preparation for life. In this post, we will look briefly at the history,APA TABLES IN R
Anybody who has ever had to do any writing for academic purposes or in industry has had to deal with APA formatting. The rules and expectations seem to be endless and always changing. If you are able to maneuver the endless list of rules you still have to determine what to report and how when CRITICAL LANGUAGE TESTING Critical language testing (CLT) is a philosophical approach that states that there is widespread bias in language testing. This view is derived from critical pedagogy, which views education as a process manipulated by those in power. There are many criticisms that CLT has of language testing such as the following. Test are deeply influencedby
POSTMODERN TEACHER
During the last half of the 20th century the philosophical school of post-modernism arose. Just as with existentialism, post-modernism is a school of thought that is anti-definition and anti-organized. As such, it is hard to pinned down exactly what post-modernist believe and stand for in a way that this could be done for older philosophies. USING FORUMS IN MOODLE The forum module in moodle is a highly versatile tool available for a teacher's use. For beginners in particular, the forum module can be used to delivery and teach all content. For this reason alone, it is wise for newbies to moodle to focus on using forums and to FINDING TEXT IN A VECTOR IN R This post will cover how to search for text within a vector in R. There are times when you may be working with a lot of information and you want to find a specific piece of information. For example, let's say you have a list of names that are not in alphabetical order andyou
ONLINE COURSES
ERT is proud to announce that we are partnering with Udemy to offer online courses. Below are the courses that are currently available. Easier: Practical Applications of Machine Learning Algorithms in R The exploration of various algorithms used in machine learning are covered in this course. Such concepts as, decision trees, random forest,support vector
ABOUT | EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNIQUESABOUT ME AS A WRITER The purpose of this blog is to share information. As a lecturer at a university, my primary job is to communicate complex ideas in as simple of language as possible. The challenge has always been to make it simple. In response to this, I created a blog that would help me to clarify the ideas and ESSENTIALIST TEACHER Essentialism was an educational philosophy that was reacting to the superficiality of instruction that was associated with progressivism and the aristocratic air that was linked with perennialism. Essentialism was a call to teach the basics. This position of providing a no frill basic education for employment is the primary position of most educational positions in NEW CHANGES TO MATH CURRICULUM IN CALIFORNIA The proposed mathematics framework in California has placed a heavy emphasis on equity in the teaching of math. The document makes several statements to support this, such as the following. "All students are capable of making these contributions and achieving these abilities at the highest levels," In other words, all students can experience success in mathematics. PERENNIALIST TEACHER Perennialism was a strong educational movement in the early part of the 20th century. It pushed a call to return to older ways of learning and instruction in order to strengthen the man in preparation for life. In this post, we will look briefly at the history,APA TABLES IN R
Anybody who has ever had to do any writing for academic purposes or in industry has had to deal with APA formatting. The rules and expectations seem to be endless and always changing. If you are able to maneuver the endless list of rules you still have to determine what to report and how when CRITICAL LANGUAGE TESTING Critical language testing (CLT) is a philosophical approach that states that there is widespread bias in language testing. This view is derived from critical pedagogy, which views education as a process manipulated by those in power. There are many criticisms that CLT has of language testing such as the following. Test are deeply influencedby
POSTMODERN TEACHER
During the last half of the 20th century the philosophical school of post-modernism arose. Just as with existentialism, post-modernism is a school of thought that is anti-definition and anti-organized. As such, it is hard to pinned down exactly what post-modernist believe and stand for in a way that this could be done for older philosophies. USING FORUMS IN MOODLE The forum module in moodle is a highly versatile tool available for a teacher's use. For beginners in particular, the forum module can be used to delivery and teach all content. For this reason alone, it is wise for newbies to moodle to focus on using forums and to FINDING TEXT IN A VECTOR IN R This post will cover how to search for text within a vector in R. There are times when you may be working with a lot of information and you want to find a specific piece of information. For example, let's say you have a list of names that are not in alphabetical order andyou
ONLINE COURSES
ERT is proud to announce that we are partnering with Udemy to offer online courses. Below are the courses that are currently available. Easier: Practical Applications of Machine Learning Algorithms in R The exploration of various algorithms used in machine learning are covered in this course. Such concepts as, decision trees, random forest,support vector
ABOUT | EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNIQUES The purpose of this blog is to share information. As a lecturer at a university, my primary job is to communicate complex ideas in as simple of language as possible. The challenge has always been to make it simple. In response to this, I created a blog that would help me to clarify the ideas and EBOOKS | EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNIQUES EBooks Available Below are several books on such issues as writing, research, and teaching by Darrin Thomas. There is also an Amazon Author page. Easily provides even more insights into the use of machine learning algorithms using Python. This book provides explanation of supervised and unsupervised algorithms along with more complex approaches such as combining ONLINE ACADEMIC DISHONESTY 1 day ago · Cheating has always been a problem in education. Students struggle to learn content, or perhaps they are too lazy to put in the effort, leading to temptation. When this happens, some students decide that getting the answer in any way possible is better than knowing the answer themselves. As teachers, there is anobligation to
TYPES & LEVELS OF CONFLICT IN THE CLASSROOM Conflict is a reality that few people enjoy. Whether we like it or not, students often disagree and challenge each other and even the teacher at times. In this pos4t, we will look at conflict types and levels of conflict. Affective Conflict Affective conflict is emotional conflict. In other words, there is an emotional incompatibilityTESTIMONIALS
Here are testimonies from people who have read blog post from this site. Steve I., Health Promotion and Nutrition I enjoyed reading your posts. They are really concise and high quality. Learnt various new topics similar to my area of interest from different perspective. Elaine L., Professor Emeritis at Columbia International University As I read through many of CRITICAL LANGUAGE TESTING Critical language testing (CLT) is a philosophical approach that states that there is widespread bias in language testing. This view is derived from critical pedagogy, which views education as a process manipulated by those in power. There are many criticisms that CLT has of language testing such as the following. Test are deeply influencedby
CIRCLES: VIDEO
Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. STATES PUSH BACK AGAINST CRITICAL RACE THEORY In the state of Idaho, located in the United States, lawmakers have banned the teaching of critical race theory in class. Here is what one person had to say about critical race theory in Idaho education We need to protect our teachers from being forced to teach this social justice garbage, including critical race theory. The FINDING TEXT IN A VECTOR IN R This post will cover how to search for text within a vector in R. There are times when you may be working with a lot of information and you want to find a specific piece of information. For example, let's say you have a list of names that are not in alphabetical order andyou
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UNDERSTANDING VARIABLESLeave a reply
In research, there are many terms that have the same underlying meaning which can be confusing for researchers as they try to complete a project. The problem is that people have different backgrounds and learn different terms during their studies and when they try to work with others there is often confusion over what is what. In this post, we will try to clarify as much as possible various terms that are used when referring to variables. We will look at the following during this discussion * Definition of a variable * Minimum knowledge of the characteristics of a variable in research * Various synonyms of variableDEFINITION
The word variable has the root of “vary” and the suffix “able”. This literally means that a variable is something that is able to change. Examples include such concepts as height, weigh, salary, etc. All of these concepts change as you gather data from different people. Statistics is primarily about trying to explain and or understand the variability of variables. However, to make things more confusing there are times in research when a variable dies not change or remains constant. This will be explained in greater detail in a moment. MINIMUM YOU NEED TO KNOW Two broad concepts that you need to understand regardless of the specific variable terms you encounter are the following * Whether the variable(s) are independent or dependent * Whether the variable(s) are categorical or continuous When we speak of independent and dependent variables we are looking at the relationship(s) between variables. Dependent variables are explained by independent variables. Therefore, one dimension of variables is understanding how they relate to each other and the most basic way to see this is independent vs dependent. The second dimension to consider when thinking about variables is how they are measured which is captured with the terms categorical or continuous. A categorical variable has a finite number of values that can be used. Examples in clue gender, hair color, or cellphone brand. A person can only be male or female, have blue or brown eyes, and can only have one brand of cellphone. Continuous variables are variables that can take on an infinite number of values. Salary, temperature, etc are all continuous in nature. It is possible to limit a continuous variable to categorical variable by creating intervals in which to place values. This is commonly done when creating bins for histograms. In sum, here are the four possible general variable types below * Independent categorical * Independent continuous * Dependent categorical * Dependent continuous Natural, most models have one dependent categorical or continuous variable, however you can have any combination of continuous and categorical variables as independents. Remember that all variables have the above characteristics despite whatever terms is used forthem.
VARIABLE SYNONYMS
Below is a list of various names that variables go by in different disciplines. This is by no means an exhaustive list. _Experimental variable_ A variable whose values are independent of any changes in the values of other variables. In other words, an experimental variable is just another term for independent variable. _Manipulated Variable_ A variable that is independent in an experiment but whose value/behavior the researcher is able to control or manipulate. This is also another term for an independent variable._Control Variable_
A variable whose value does not change. Controlling a variable helps to explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variable in an experiment by making sure the control variable has not influenced in the model _Responding Variable_ The dependent variable in an experiment. It responds to the experimental variable. _Intervening Variable_ This is a hypothetical variable. It is used to explain the causal links between variables. Since they are hypothetical, they are observed in an actual experiment. For example, if you are looking at a strong relationship between income and life expectancy and find a positive relationship. The intervening variable for this may be access to healthcare. People who make more money have more access to health care and this contributes to them often living longer. _Mediating Variable_ This is the same thing as an intervening variable. The difference being often that the mediating variable is not always hypothetical in nature and is often measured it’s self. _Confounding Variable_ A confounder is a variable that influences both the independent and dependent variable, causing a spurious or false association. Often a confounding variable is a causal idea and cannot be described in terms of correlations or associations with other variables. In other words, it is often the same thing as an intervening variable. _Explanatory Variable_ This variable is the same as an independent variable. The difference being that an independent variable is not influenced by any other variables. However, when independence is not for sure, than the variable is called an explanatory variable. _Predictor Variable_ A predictor variable is an independent variable. This term is commonly used for regression analysis._Outcome Variable_
An outcome variable is a dependent variable in the context of regression analysis._Observed Variable_
This is a variable that is measured directly. An example would be gender or height. There is no psychology construct to infer the meaning of such variables. _Unobserved Variable_ Unobserved variables are constructs that cannot be measured directly. In such situations, observe variables are used to try to determine the characteristic of the unobserved variable. For example, it is hard to measure addiction directly. Instead, other things will be measure to infer addiction such as health, drug use, performance, etc. The measures of this observed variables will indicate the level of the unobserved variable of addiction_Features_
A feature is an independent variable in the context of machine learning and data science._Target Variable_
A target variable is the dependent variable in the context f machine learning and data science. To conclude this, below is a summary of the different variables discussed and whether they are independent, dependent, or neither.INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT
NEITHER
Experimental
Responding
Control
Manipulated
Target
Explanatory
Predictor
Outcome
Intervening
Feature
Mediating
Observed
Unobserved
Confounding
You can see how confusing this can be. Even though variables are mostly independent or dependent, there is a class of variables that do not fall into either category. However, for most purposes, the first to columns cover the majority of needs in simple research.CONCLUSION
The confusion over variables is mainly due to an inconsistency in terms across variables. There is nothing right or wrong about the different terms. They all developed in different places to address the same common problem. However, for students or those new to research, this can be confusing and this post hopefully helps to clarify this.SHARE THIS:
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T-SNE VISUALIZATION AND RLeave a reply
It is common in research to want to visualize data in order to search for patterns. When the number of features increases, this can often become even more important. Common tools for visualizing numerous features include principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Not only do these tools work for visualization they can also be beneficial in dimension reduction. However, the available tools for us are not limited to these two options. Another option for achieving either of these goals is t-Distributed Stochastic Embedding. This relative young algorithm (2008) is the focus of the post. We will explain what it is and provide an example using a simple dataset from the Ecdat package in R.T-SNE DEFINED
t-sne is a nonlinear dimension reduction visualization tool. Essentially what it does is identify observed clusters. However, it is not a clustering algorithm because it reduces the dimensions (normally to 2) for visualizing. This means that the input features are not longer present in their original form and this limits the ability to make inference. Therefore, t-sne is often used for exploratorypurposes.
T-sne non-linear characteristic is what makes it often appear to be superior to PCA, which is linear. Without getting too technical t-sne takes simultaneously a global and local approach to mapping points while PCA can only use a global approach. The downside to t-sne approach is that it requires a large amount of calculations. The calculations are often pairwise comparisons which can grow exponential in large datasets.INITIAL PACKAGES
We will use the “Rtsne” package for the analysis, and we will use the “Fair” dataset from the “Ecdat” package. The “Fair” dataset is data collected from people who had cheated on their spouse. We want to see if we can find patterns among the unfaithful people based on their occupation. Below is some initial code.library(Rtsne)
library(Ecdat)
DATASET PREPARATION
To prepare the data, we first remove in rows with missing data using the “na.omit” function. This is saved in a new object called “train”. Next, we change or outcome variable into a factor variable. The categories range from 1 to 9 * Farm laborer, day laborer, * Unskilled worker, service worker, * Machine operator, semiskilled worker, * Skilled manual worker, craftsman, police, * Clerical/sales, small farm owner, * Technician, semiprofessional, supervisor, * Small business owner, farm owner, teacher, * Mid-level manager or professional, * Senior manager or professional.Below is the code.
train<-na.omit(Fair) train$occupation<-as.factor(train$occupation) VISUALIZATION PREPARATION Before we do the analysis we need to set the colors for the different categories. This is done with the code below. colors<-rainbow(length(unique(train$occupation))) names(colors)<-unique(train$occupation) We can now do are analysis. We will use the “Rtsne” function. When you input the dataset you must exclude the dependent variable as well as any other factor variables. You also set the dimensions and the perplexity. Perplexity determines how many neighbors are used to determine the location of the datapoint after the calculations. Verbose just provides information during the calculation. This is useful if you want to know what progress is being made. max_iter is the number of iterations to take to complete the analysis and check_duplicates checks for duplicates which could be a problem in the analysis. Below is the code. tsne<-Rtsne(train,dims=2,perplexity=30,verbose=T,max_iter=1500,check_duplicates=F)## Performing PCA
## Read the 601 x 6 data matrix successfully! ## OpenMP is working. 1 threads. ## Using no_dims = 2, perplexity = 30.000000, and theta = 0.500000 ## Computing input similarities... ## Building tree... ## Done in 0.05 seconds (sparsity = 0.190597)! ## Learning embedding... ## Iteration 1450: error is 0.280471 (50 iterations in 0.07 seconds) ## Iteration 1500: error is 0.279962 (50 iterations in 0.07 seconds) ## Fitting performed in 2.21 seconds. Below is the code for making the visual. plot(tsne$Y,t='n',main='tsne',xlim=c(-30,30),ylim=c(-30,30)) text(tsne$Y,labels=train$occupation,col = colors) legend(25,5,legend=unique(train$occupation),col = colors,,pch=c(1)) You can see that there are clusters however, the clusters are all mixed with the different occupations. What this indicates is that the features we used to make the two dimensions do not discriminant between the different occupations.CONCLUSION
T-SNE is an improved way to visualize data. This is not to say that there is no place for PCA anymore. Rather, this newer approach provides a different way of quickly visualizing complex data without the limitations of PCA. Checkout ERT online coursesSHARE THIS:
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SIMPLIFY RADICAL EXPRESSION WITH PRODUCT PROPERTY VIDEOLeave a reply
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ROOTS & RADICALS VIDEOLeave a reply
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SIMPLIFY COMPLEX RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS WITH DIVISION VIDEOLeave a reply
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ADD SUBTRACT COMPLEX RATIONAL EXPRESSION DIFFERENTDENOMINATORS VIDEO
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ADD/SUBTRACT RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS DIFFERENT DENOMINATORS VIDEOLeave a reply
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SUBTRACTING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS VIDEOLeave a reply
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ADDING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS VIDEOLeave a reply
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DIVIDING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS VIDEOLeave a reply
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MULTIPLYING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS VIDEOLeave a reply
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SOLVE A QUADRATIC EQUATION BY FACTORING VIDEOLeave a reply
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FORCE-DIRECTED GRAPH WITH D3.JSLeave a reply
Network visualizations involve displaying interconnected nodes commonly associated with social networks. D3.js has powerful capabilities to create these visualizations. In this post, we will learn how to make a simple force-directed graph. A force directed graph uses an algorithm that spaces the nodes in the graph away from each other based on a value you set. There are several different ways to determine how the force influences the distance of the nodes from each other that will be explored somewhat in this post.THE DATA
To make the visualization it is necessary to have data. We will use a simple json file that has nodes and edges. Below is the code{
"nodes": ,
"edges":
}
The nodes in this situation will represent the circles that we will make. In this case, the nodes have names. However, we will not print the names in the visualization for the sake of simplicity. The edges represent the lines that will connect the circles/nodes. The source number is the origin of the line and the target number is where the line ends at. For example, “source: 0” represents Tom and “Target”: 1 means draw a line from Tom to Sue.SETUP
To begin the visualization we have to create the svg element inside our html doc. Lines 6-17 do this as shown below. Next, we need to create the layout of the graph. The .node() and the .link() functions affect the location of the nodes and links. The .size() affects the gravitational center and initial position of the visualization. There is also some code that is commented out in below that will be discussed later. Below are lines 18-25 of our code. Now we can write the code that will render or draw our object. We need to append the edges and nodes, indicate color for both, as well as the radius of the circles of the nodes. All of this is captured in lines26-44
The final step is to handle the ticks. To put it simply, the ticks handles recalculating the position of the nodes. Below is the code forthis.
We can finally see are visual as shown below You can clearly see that the nodes are on top of each other. This is because we need to adjust the use of the force in the force-directed graph. There are many ways to adjust this, but we will look at two functions. These are .linkDistance() and .charge(). The .linkDistance() function indicates how far nodes are from each other at the end of the simulation. To add this to our code you need to remove the comments on line22 as shown below. Below is an update of what our visualization looks like. Things are better but the nodes are still on top of each other. The real differences is that the edges are longer. To fix this, we need to use the .charge() function. The .charge() function indicates how much nodes are attracted to each other or repel each other. To use this function you need to remove the comments on line 23 as shown below. The negative charge will cause the nodes to push away from each other. Below is what this looks like. You can see that as the nodes were moved around the stayed far from each other. This is because of the negative charge. Off course, there are other ways to modify this visualization but this is enough fornow.
CONCLUSION
Force-directed graphs are a powerful tool for conveying what could be a large amount of information. This post provided some simple ways that this visualization can be developed and utilized for practicalpurposes.
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ESSENTIALIST TEACHERLeave a reply
Essentialism was an educational philosophy that was reacting to the superficiality of instruction that was associated with progressivism and the aristocratic air that was linked with perennialism. Essentialism was a call to teach the basics. This position of providing a no frill basic education for employment is the primary position of most educational positions in the world.BACKGROUND
Starting in the 1930’s, essentialism is based on the philosophies ofidealism
and realism
.
Essentialism supporters have stressed the need to return to a more subject centered approach vs child centered position. Transmission of knowledge is more important than transforming society. There were two major moments in American history that propelled essentialism to the forefront of education. The first, happened in 1957 when the Russians launch the Sputnik satellite. Critics of progressivism stated that all this child-centered teaching had crippled an entire generation who lacked basic skills in math and science to compete with the Russians. This was a major blow to progressivism as schools refocused on teaching math and science and having a subject centered curriculum. In essentialism was not already triumphant it certainly was by the 1980’s when the article “A Nation at Risk” was published. This article stated that American education was mediocre and lead to schools needing to focus on the five basics. By the 1990’s such ideas as “core knowledge” or “common core” was being pushed. Such ideas demonstrate how there are basic truths and ideas that supposedly all students need to have.PHILOSOPHY
School is a place where students master basic skills in preparation for working in society. This includes the three R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic) and some of the humanities. The subject matter cannot always be interesting or even immediately relevant forstudents.
The mind needs to be trained and some memorization is required. However, there is less of a focus on raw intellectualism such as is found in perennialism. The center of learning is the teacher and the students are there to follow the teacher. Essentialism has similarities to perennialism. However, there are differences such as the idea that Essentialism does not have a problem with adapting ideas from progressivism for their on own purposes. There is also a general indifference to time honor classics in the humanities for the training of the mind.IN EDUCATION
An essentialist teacher is going to focus on developing skills and competency rather the learning knowledge for the sake of knowledge. There will be a focus on the basics of education and the classroom will be subject centered. There will not be much tolerance for meeting needs or understanding differences among students. Focus on job skills and training towards employment would also be stressed. The focus of the education is in training people to be equipped for the workplace and not for personal fulfillment. If students enjoy what they learn this is an added bonus but not necessarily critical for the learning experience.CONCLUSION
Essentialism was in many ways a working-class version of perennialism. Stripped of the humanities and focused on developing job skills, essentialism is the engine of education in many parts of American education. As long as the economy and employment are most important to people we will continue to see a continued support for essentialism.SHARE THIS:
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24, 2019
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FACTOR DIFFERENCES OF SQUARE VIDEOLeave a reply
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PERENNIALIST TEACHERLeave a reply
Perennialism was a strong educational movement in the early part of the 20th century. It pushed a call to return to older ways of learning and instruction in order to strengthen the man in preparation for life. In this post, we will look briefly at the history, philosophy, and how a teacher with a perennialist perspective may approach theirclassroom.
BACKGROUND
Perennialism came about as a strong reaction against progressivism. The emotional focus of the child-centered approach of progressivism was seen as anti-intellectual by perennialists. In place of child- center focus was a call for return to long establish truth and timehonored classics.
Supporters of perennialism wanted a liberal education, which implies an education rich with the classical works of man. The purpose of education was the development of the mind rather than the learning of a specific job skill. This position has often been seen as elitist and has clashed with what the working class need for the education of their children to be in a more practical manner. A major influencer of perennialism is neo-scholasticism, which is also a supporter of classical studies and was based on idealism. Perennialism was originally focused higher education and high school but by the 1980’s its influence had spread to elementary education. Prominent supporters of this style include Motimer Adler and MaynardHutchins.
PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION Perennialism believes that people are rational rather than primarily emotional beings. This is the opposite of progressivism which is always worried about feelings. Furthermore, human nature is steady and predictable which allows for everyone to have the same education. Thus, the individual is lost in a strong perennial classroom. The focus of the classroom is not on the student but rather on the subject matter. The classroom is preparation for life and not design for real-life situations as in progressivism. The mind needs to be developed properly before taking action. Through the study of the greats it is assumed this will help the student become great. PERENNIALISM AND EDUCATION A perennialist teacher would have a classroom in which all the students are treated the same way. Material is taught and delivered to the students whether they like it or not. This is because material is taught that is good for them rather than what they like. This material would include ancient time tested ideas because that is where truth is and exposure to this great minds would make great mind. The learning experiences would be mostly theoretical in nature because training in this manner allows for intellectual development. The classroom might actually be a little cold by the progressivist’standard that focuses on group work and interaction. This is because of the rational focus of perennialism. When the assumption is everyone is rational and only needed exposure to the content with or without an emotional experience.CONCLUSION
Reacting is not always the best way to push for change. Yet this is exactly what brought perennialism into existence. Seeing the lost of absolute truth and long held traditions, perennialism strove to protect these pillars of education. There are some problems. For example, their emphasis on the rational nature of man seems strange as the average person is lacking in the ability to reason and control their emotions. In addition, the one-size fits all when it comes to education is obviously not true as we need people who have a classic education but also people who can build a house or fix a car. In other words, we need vocational training as well in order to have a balancedsociety.
Another problem is the fallacy of the appeal to tradition. Just because something is a classic does not make it truth or worthy of study. This simply allow the traditions of the past to rule the present. If all people do is look at the past how will they develop relevant ideas for the present or future? The main benefit of these different schools of thought is that through these conflicts of opinion a balanced approach to learning can takeplace for students.
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19, 2019
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PIE CHARTS WITH D3.JSLeave a reply
Pie charts are one of many visualizations that you can create using D3.js. We are going to learn how to do the following in this post.* Make a circle
* Make a donut
* Make a pie wedge
* Make a segment
* Make a pie chart
Most of these examples require just a minor adjustment in a standard piece of code. This will make more sense in a minute.MAKE A CIRCLE
Making a circle involves using the .arc() method. In this method there are four parameters that you manipulate to get different shapes. Theyare explained below
* .innerRadius() This parameter makes a whole in your circle to give the appearance of a donut * .outerRadius() Determines the size of your circle * .startAngle() is used in combination with .endAngle() to make apie wedge
Therefore, to make several different shapes we manipulate these different parameters. In the code below, we create the svg element first (lines 7-10) then our circle (lines 11-15). Lastly, we append the path to the svg element (lines 16-21). Below is the code andpicture.
The rest of the examples primarily deal with manipulating the existingcode.
DONUT
To make the donut, you need to change the value inside the .innerRadius() parameter. The larger the value the bigger the hole in the middle of the circle will become. In order to generate the donut below you need to change the value found in line 12 of the code to100.
PIE WEDGE
To make a wedge you need to replace lines 14-15 of the code with thefollowing
.startAngle(0*Math.PI * 2/360) .endAngle(90*Math.PI * 2/360); This is telling d3.js to start the angle at 0 degrees and stop at 90 degrees. This is another way of saying making a wedge of 1/4 of the circle. Doing this will create the following.SEGMENT
In order to make the segment you keep the code the same as above for the pie wedge but at a change to the .innerRadius() parameter. ASshown below,
.innerRadius(100)
.outerRadius(170)
.startAngle(0*Math.PI * 2/360) .endAngle(90*Math.PI * 2/360);PIE CHART
A pie chart is just a more complex version of what we have already done. You still need to set up your svg element. This is don in lines 7-14. Notice that we also had to add a g element and a transformattribute.
Line 16 contains the data for making the pie chat. This is hard coded but we can also use other forms of data. Line 17 uses the .pie() method with the data to set the stage for our pie chart. Lines 19-27 are for generating the arc. This code is mostly the same except for the functions that are used for the .startAngle() and .end Angle() methods. Line 29 sets the color and Lines 30-42 draw the paths for creating the image. The code with the // will be explained in a moment. Below is the code and the pie chart.PIE CHART VARIATION
Below is the same pie chart but with some different features. * It now has a donut (line 20 change .innerRadius(0) to.innerRadius(50))
* There are now separations between the different segments to give the appearance that it is pulling apart. Remove the // in lines 36-37to activate this.
Below is the pie chart You can perhaps now see that the possibilities are endless with this.CONCLUSION
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PROGRESSIVE TEACHER
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Progressivsim is an educational philosophy that in many ways is the foundation of educational theory in the United States. In this post, we will look at the background of progressivism as well as the beliefs and how it may be practiced by a teacher.BACKGROUND
Progressivsim is yet another reaction to traditional teacher. The era in which this philosophy was developed was the late 19th to early 20th century. This was a time of rapid change and the development of the philosophy called pragmatism, which had a strong influence onprogressivism.
Pragmatism had such beliefs as that there was no fixed truth and that whatever works is true. Progressivism adapted and expended on this idea in the context of education. Another major source of influence on progressivism was the work of Freud who encourage self-expression inhis writings.
The primary movers in propagating progressivism includes William Kilpatrick, George Counts, John Dewey, and others. This movement dominated educational theory in America from the 1920’s to the 1950’s until the launching of the Sputnik satellite by Russian moved Americans away from child centered self expressive education to an education focused on the essentials in order to compete in a globalcompetition.
PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION In the classroom progressivism does not support a teacher-centered approach, nor a heavy focus on textbooks or memorization. there is even concerns with the classroom environment in that the use of fear or physical punishment is discouraged. The child is the centered of learning rather than the subject. This means that the interest of the child should be taken into consideration when developing learning experiences. Of course, there is a limit to the child’s input as the teacher has a certain responsibility for the learning. However, to even consider the child’s opinion on learning was somewhat revolutionary at the time. Students need to be active rather than passive. This means that lectures are unusually because the student not active when listening. Learning by doing is a primary assumption of progressivism. The teacher and the student interact and learn from action rather thanfrom listening.
In order to establish active learning, problem solving is one of the primary tools for teaching. Problem-solving leads to a whole lot of thinking in a systematic manner in ways that are tied to reality rather than to theory. Lastly, progressivism supports the idea of a democratic classroom. This means that everyone is a learner, including the teacher, and the learning environment encourages discussion and debate. The motive behind this is preparing students to participate in a democraticworld.
PROGRESSIVISM IN THE CLASSROOM There is little here to add that was not already mentioned. A progressive teacher is going to support a warm and engaging classroom. The teacher will see themselves as a facilitator of knowledge rather than as a dictator of it. Students will work in groups or alone depending on interest and the content learned will have input from them. There will be few lectures and more hands on learning activities with a focus on the thought process rather than the product of thelearning.
CONCLUSION
Progressivism is yet another philosophical system that claimed to have the answer for learning only to eventually lead t people’s disappointment. It was hard to assess learning during the progressives era due to the open nature of problem solving. In addition, when the Russians beat the Americans into space. Focusing on the child simply became impractical due to the perceived threat of Russia. In many ways, progressivism was successful because when it was no longer practical it was abandon and this is something that progressivismteaches.
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