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CROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as a CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea”CROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on September 28, 2010 by crow1234. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groupsof
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiences DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit withCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as a CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea”CROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on September 28, 2010 by crow1234. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groupsof
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiences DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” IS THEORY POSSIBLE IN SOCIAL SCIENCES? Flyvbjerg puts forward an argument to explain why scientific theory is not possible in social science research. “The strength of social sciences lies in rich reflexive analysis of values and power”. The chapter began with Flyvbjerg comparing the study of `natural sciences` (such as Maths, Physics and Chemistry) with `social sciences`.REFLECTIVE ACCOUNT
Reflective Account. Posted on December 12, 2010 by crow1234. My motivation for studying the Masters Course was twofold. I wanted to learn how to carry out a piece of research in an area of careers guidance at Masters Level. I also hoped that from studying, carrying out the research and writing the completed research, that it woulddevelop my
ARE REALISTS IDEALISTIC AND IDEALISTS REALISTIC Realists approach research from the view point that individuals "man" (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groups of participants they make generalistations. However do all individuals see the world through similar eyes ? Idealists would debate this theory as they believe PITFALLS AND DIFFICULTIES INVOLVED IN RESEARCH INTERVIEWS “Research interview is by far the most common way of gathering quality data “(cited in 7 Interviews). As a researcher who chooses to carryout interviews as a research method. A well designed interview that has been piloted can elicit rich sources of in-depth data that contributes to the research. However there are several pitfalls ofHELLO WORLD!
The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
THE PROS AND CONS, IMPLICATIONS OF PARTICIPANT ANONYMITY The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
SEPTEMBER | 2010 | CROW1234'S BLOG 3 posts published by crow1234 during September 2010. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar.CROW1234'S BLOG
Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis).CROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as aCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on September 28, 2010 by crow1234. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groupsof
PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiencesCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as aCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on September 28, 2010 by crow1234. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groupsof
PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiences CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” IS THEORY POSSIBLE IN SOCIAL SCIENCES? I chose to read Bent Flyvbjerg`s book “Making Social Science Matter”, to explore where my epistemology and ontological beliefs lie. Do they fit within the IN WHAT WAYS IS SOCIAL RESEARCH DISTINCT FROM THE The positivistic and scientific paradigm approach research with the review that people are rational, their behaviour is rational, that all actions are deliberate and thought out. They believe that individuals interpret their worlds from similar view points. As a result they believe human behaviour is measurable. They use quantative/scientific methods of research (statistical analysis) toREFLECTIVE ACCOUNT
Reflective Account. Posted on December 12, 2010 by crow1234. My motivation for studying the Masters Course was twofold. I wanted to learn how to carry out a piece of research in an area of careers guidance at Masters Level. I also hoped that from studying, carrying out the research and writing the completed research, that it woulddevelop my
ARE REALISTS IDEALISTIC AND IDEALISTS REALISTIC Realists approach research from the view point that individuals "man" (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groups of participants they make generalistations. However do all individuals see the world through similar eyes ? Idealists would debate this theory as they believeHELLO WORLD!
The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
NOVEMBER | 2010 | CROW1234'S BLOG Pitfalls and difficulties involved in research interviews. Posted on November 19, 2010 by crow1234. “Research interview is by far the most common way of gathering quality data “ (cited in 7 Interviews). As a researcher who chooses to carryout interviews as a research method. A well designed interview that has been piloted can elicitrich .
THE PROS AND CONS, IMPLICATIONS OF PARTICIPANT ANONYMITY The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
SEPTEMBER | 2010 | CROW1234'S BLOG 3 posts published by crow1234 during September 2010. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar.CROW1234'S BLOG
Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis).CROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as aCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on September 28, 2010 by crow1234. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groupsof
PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiencesCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as aCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on September 28, 2010 by crow1234. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groupsof
PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiences CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” IS THEORY POSSIBLE IN SOCIAL SCIENCES? I chose to read Bent Flyvbjerg`s book “Making Social Science Matter”, to explore where my epistemology and ontological beliefs lie. Do they fit within the IN WHAT WAYS IS SOCIAL RESEARCH DISTINCT FROM THE The positivistic and scientific paradigm approach research with the review that people are rational, their behaviour is rational, that all actions are deliberate and thought out. They believe that individuals interpret their worlds from similar view points. As a result they believe human behaviour is measurable. They use quantative/scientific methods of research (statistical analysis) toREFLECTIVE ACCOUNT
Reflective Account. Posted on December 12, 2010 by crow1234. My motivation for studying the Masters Course was twofold. I wanted to learn how to carry out a piece of research in an area of careers guidance at Masters Level. I also hoped that from studying, carrying out the research and writing the completed research, that it woulddevelop my
ARE REALISTS IDEALISTIC AND IDEALISTS REALISTIC Realists approach research from the view point that individuals "man" (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groups of participants they make generalistations. However do all individuals see the world through similar eyes ? Idealists would debate this theory as they believeHELLO WORLD!
The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
NOVEMBER | 2010 | CROW1234'S BLOG Pitfalls and difficulties involved in research interviews. Posted on November 19, 2010 by crow1234. “Research interview is by far the most common way of gathering quality data “ (cited in 7 Interviews). As a researcher who chooses to carryout interviews as a research method. A well designed interview that has been piloted can elicitrich .
THE PROS AND CONS, IMPLICATIONS OF PARTICIPANT ANONYMITY The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
SEPTEMBER | 2010 | CROW1234'S BLOG 3 posts published by crow1234 during September 2010. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar.CROW1234'S BLOG
Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis).CROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as aCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on September 28, 2010 by crow1234. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groupsof
PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiencesCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as aCROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on September 28, 2010 by crow1234. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groupsof
PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiences CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” IS THEORY POSSIBLE IN SOCIAL SCIENCES? I chose to read Bent Flyvbjerg`s book “Making Social Science Matter”, to explore where my epistemology and ontological beliefs lie. Do they fit within the IN WHAT WAYS IS SOCIAL RESEARCH DISTINCT FROM THE The positivistic and scientific paradigm approach research with the review that people are rational, their behaviour is rational, that all actions are deliberate and thought out. They believe that individuals interpret their worlds from similar view points. As a result they believe human behaviour is measurable. They use quantative/scientific methods of research (statistical analysis) toREFLECTIVE ACCOUNT
Reflective Account. Posted on December 12, 2010 by crow1234. My motivation for studying the Masters Course was twofold. I wanted to learn how to carry out a piece of research in an area of careers guidance at Masters Level. I also hoped that from studying, carrying out the research and writing the completed research, that it woulddevelop my
ARE REALISTS IDEALISTIC AND IDEALISTS REALISTIC Realists approach research from the view point that individuals "man" (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groups of participants they make generalistations. However do all individuals see the world through similar eyes ? Idealists would debate this theory as they believeHELLO WORLD!
The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
NOVEMBER | 2010 | CROW1234'S BLOG Pitfalls and difficulties involved in research interviews. Posted on November 19, 2010 by crow1234. “Research interview is by far the most common way of gathering quality data “ (cited in 7 Interviews). As a researcher who chooses to carryout interviews as a research method. A well designed interview that has been piloted can elicitrich .
THE PROS AND CONS, IMPLICATIONS OF PARTICIPANT ANONYMITY The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
SEPTEMBER | 2010 | CROW1234'S BLOG 3 posts published by crow1234 during September 2010. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar.CROW1234'S BLOG
Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis).CROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as a PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiences DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit withREFLECTIVE ACCOUNT
Reflective Account. Posted on December 12, 2010 by crow1234. My motivation for studying the Masters Course was twofold. I wanted to learn how to carry out a piece of research in an area of careers guidance at Masters Level. I also hoped that from studying, carrying out the research and writing the completed research, that it woulddevelop my
CROW1234'S BLOG
Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. ABOUT | CROW1234'S BLOG About. This is an example of a WordPress page, you could edit this to put information about yourself or your site so readers know where you are coming from. You can create as many pages like this one or sub-pages as you like and manage all of your content inside ofWordPress.
PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTION Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as a PEER REVIEW: PROS AND CONS A definition of peer review as stated in Wikipedia: ” peer reciew is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self regulation by a profession. They are employed to maintain standareds, improve performance and provide credibility”. Wikipedia also included an artiticle in the Peer Review Survery from both 2007 and 2009. CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is RESEARCH ETHICS FRAMEWORK (REF) PROS AND CONS OF THE After reading the Research Ethics Framework I must admit to a feelinga sense of heavy heartidness. The REF definition " Research Ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research " (pg 7). Pros: I read the journal article " Research in my own organisation, Ethical Dilemas" written by Rosie Hulian (1999) who recals her experiences DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Difficulties of Qualitative Data Analysis. Posted on December 3, 2010 by crow1234. Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit withREFLECTIVE ACCOUNT
Reflective Account. Posted on December 12, 2010 by crow1234. My motivation for studying the Masters Course was twofold. I wanted to learn how to carry out a piece of research in an area of careers guidance at Masters Level. I also hoped that from studying, carrying out the research and writing the completed research, that it woulddevelop my
CROW1234 | CROW1234'S BLOG Posted on October 29, 2010 by crow1234. Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 Questionnaire Studies). Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies). Pro The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is IS THEORY POSSIBLE IN SOCIAL SCIENCES? I chose to read Bent Flyvbjerg`s book “Making Social Science Matter”, to explore where my epistemology and ontological beliefs lie. Do they fit within the IN WHAT WAYS IS SOCIAL RESEARCH DISTINCT FROM THE The positivistic and scientific paradigm approach research with the review that people are rational, their behaviour is rational, that all actions are deliberate and thought out. They believe that individuals interpret their worlds from similar view points. As a result they believe human behaviour is measurable. They use quantative/scientific methods of research (statistical analysis) to ARE REALISTS IDEALISTIC AND IDEALISTS REALISTIC Realists approach research from the view point that individuals "man" (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar. Justiying their use of objective, scientific research methods. By using large groups of participants they make generalistations. However do all individuals see the world through similar eyes ? Idealists would debate this theory as they believe PITFALLS AND DIFFICULTIES INVOLVED IN RESEARCH INTERVIEWS “Research interview is by far the most common way of gathering quality data “(cited in 7 Interviews). As a researcher who chooses to carryout interviews as a research method. A well designed interview that has been piloted can elicit rich sources of in-depth data that contributes to the research. However there are several pitfalls ofHELLO WORLD!
The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
THE PROS AND CONS, IMPLICATIONS OF PARTICIPANT ANONYMITY The Pros and Cons, implications of Participant Anonymity (Parker Challenging Conventional Thinking). For the researcher before promising the pariticipant that their comments,views, opinions are anonymous the reasearcher needs to be open about the purpose of theresearch.
SEPTEMBER | 2010 | CROW1234'S BLOG 3 posts published by crow1234 during September 2010. Realists approach research from the view point that individuals “man” (Neitzshe 1873) experiences of their social world/society are similar.CROW1234'S BLOG
Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis).CROW1234'S BLOG
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REFLECTIVE ACCOUNT
Posted on December 12, 2010by
crow1234
My motivation for studying the Masters Course was twofold. I wanted to learn how to carry out a piece of research in an area of careers guidance at Masters Level. I also hoped that from studying, carrying out the research and writing the completed research, that it would develop my own professional practice. At the start of the course I had not decided on an area of research. I hoped the research module may give me some direction. I liked the structure of the research module. For myself it provided a step by step guide through the research process. From setting up the Blog: This was a challenge in itself for someone who had no knowledge of Blogging. Reading the set articles and writing comments on the Blog helped to develop my critical reading skills. That I had to read and re-read articles. What I did learn was that everyone interprets the readings from their own view point. From talking to Grant, I realised that there is no right way to do this. Reading other students blogs enriched my own learning and knowledge. I also found that writing blogs developed my critical thinking skills that were invaluable preparation for writing the literature review. Before starting the course I bought and read several books about doing Masters level research (Opie, Sarantakos & Cohen et al) but I soon released that these three books were the tip of the Iceberg! By the end of the module I felt I had gained knowledge about of theresearch process.
At the beginning from starting to read articles about the different approaches that social scientists adopt to carry out research. From the Positivistic Paradigm identifying the epistemology and ontological theories that shape the research methodology and methods (Quantative analysis: Interviews using large groups, closed questions, statistical analysis, generalisations made). Identifying the pros and cons of Positivistic research. Then the shift to Post Modernism (anti –positivistic paradigm) paradigm (qualitative analysis: PAR-Participant Action Research, Action Research, Case Study, Focus Groups and Interviews) Identifying the pros and cons of this approach. These readings helped to identify my own epistemology and ontological viewpoints and possible research method/s I may use when carrying out the research. Reading the research article on REF (Research Ethics Framework) which informed on the processes and bureaucracy that occurs before a research proposal can gain ethical approval. That you may have a research proposal, spent considerable time carrying out a literature review, writing a research proposal to have this refused. You may be given the opportunity to re-submit or find another topic of research. This can be frustrating and disappointing if you feel that you had an interesting research topic. Feel a loss of autonomy if your research topic appears to be directed by the ethics committee. Questionnaires’ and interviews: How important it is to design a questionnaire that will answer the research question. The importance of piloting the questionnaires/interviews on a sample of the target group you plan to use. This saves time in the long run as any design faults (questions do not make sense, can be misinterpreted) can be re-written. This may save time in the long run as it is better to find that out before rather than after carrying out the questionnaire/interview, then realise the research method will need to be re-done. Your target group may be unwilling to participate again! Deciding on the structure of the interview questions/questionnaires; will they be structured, semi-structured or unstructured? The unstructured approach is more advisable for an experienced researcher who is skilled at structuring the interview so questions are relevant to the research topic. Deciding how to select participants that are reflective of target group you wish to research. The interviewing process; being able to put participants at ease, build a rapport so that participants engage and provide rich data. Gaining permission: This can be a complex process if the participants are under 16 years of age. This could involve gaining written permission from school, student, parents/guardian and permission from your employer to carry out the investigation. All may want a copy of the finished research! Data Analysis: One of the most importance parts of the research. Reading the set readings discussing the different types of analysis for qualitative data whether you choose the analysis that fits with specific epistemologies and ontological theories of your research or you want an analysis that is independent (such as thematicanalyses).
The need for allowing a lot of time to analyse all words/data. The need to remain objective. How to identify themes and sub-themes. How to write up the research findings. That insufficient data could make what may have been a good piece of research invalid. Research findings: Reporting the findings may not be straight forward. That if the researcher is funded by an organisation/their employer is they under pressure to publish some findings while excluding others? Can the researcher guarantee Participant anonymity? Will anyone be harmed by the publication of results? Ethical issue to ensure non-maleficence but beneficence to world of social science research. Literature Review: Has been the most challenging part of this module. For my literature review I decided to carry out a literature review to find out “If there is Impartiality in Careers Guidance?” Learning how to source literature was a learning experience. Learning how to Napier`s Nuni-link which did provide invaluable downloadable free publications from British Journal of Guidance and Counselling journals. Learning how to source other web based journals (Google Scholar proved very useful). This was when I appreciated having read the readings and writing blog about how to use the web to access journals. How one or two missed or added words could impact the type of research literature that the web could find. Keeping to the word count was a challenge. I know I need to be SMART and need to improve before starting the research topic. A difficulty I encountered and one I have learnt from was that I could not find any journal publication/ research on the topic of Impartiality. That journal articles had impartiality embedded within articles. This was time consuming as and I needed to skim read articles before deciding if the journal would be relevant and worth reading. I think when it comes to deciding on my research question, I will do a literature research to find out if research has been carried out in the area and how much literature there is available before confirming my topic. The most painful moment was having word processed a draft of the literature review, I decided to look at the Harvard Reference System. It was then I discovered that I need to include the page number (alongside the source) of each quote. This took numerous hours going back through each journal to find the quote. Hence I have learntfrom my mistake!
How do I feel about tacking the project? Since working through the Research Module, I feel more confident. I have learnt a lot and already. I feel my own professional practice hasimproved.
Although I do not yet have a research topic, I have already decided that I would use a qualitative method of research. Perhaps interviews using semi-structured questions? As a result of studying the module I clear idea of the structure of the research. I have identified where my epistemology and ontological beliefs lie. I would like my research topic to be of relevance and beneficial to my professional practice as a Connexions Personal Adviser in a mainstreamsecondary school.
Challenges and thoughts about tackling the project: Deciding on my research topic! Gaining Ethical Approval could be a challenge. Carrying out the literature review. I think I would benefit from more practice and guidance. Keeping within the word count will be a challenge, one that I will need to monitor to ensure that all words used are relevant to theresearch.
Ensuring I allow a lot of time for each section element of the research, from carrying out the literature review, to designing and carrying out the research method ,to the analysis and write up.Advertisements
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THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Posted on December 10, 2010by crow1234
Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. Identifying their perceptions of their social world. These will be subjective and could be in-depth accounts. Conrad (1987) calls this an “Insider’s perspective “(Cited pp2).
IPA may be used by researcher, who uses qualitative research methods such as interviews using semi-structured, open ended questions rather than closed questions. The researcher needs to ensure that the design of the questions will allow the researcher to gain access into the phenomenological world of the participant. Questions that allow an insight into their personal accounts and experiences. “IPA is concerned with cognition” (cited pp3) The structure of the questions should allow the participant to talk freely so that the researcher gathers rich data for analysis. All participants’ perceptions will be unique. IPA may be used for `Ideographic Studies`, where the researcher may be carrying out a small in-depth inquiry that may involve one or two participants, such as a Case Study. When IPA used to “Understand what the particular respondent thinks or believes about the topic under investigation” (Cited in Smith et al Doing IPA) Smith el al gave an example of a Case Study of number of people who suffered with chronic back pain. IPA as used to identify themes. The article discussed the process from the initial stage of looked forthemes.
“Associations or connections or preliminary interpretations”(Citied on pp5).
The article discussed how researchers interpreted the data. In the example of a Case study when the researcher may only have one participant for the research. “Look s for a connection between verbal response, cognition and physical problem “(citied pp3) IPA was used to identify themes in the data. “Persons thoughts may not be transparent in the qualitative data”(Citied pp19)
It is through analysis that themes begin to emerge and the researcher is able to build up a personal account. The interview could elicit thousands of words. How can you ensure that all words are recorded? How could you give the participant your full attentions while trying to write down all responses? Vital quotes may be missed! I would want to use a tape recorder however as past research has shown some participants would not allow their interviewto be recorded.
Interviewers need to be skilled at interviewing. They need to have the ability to put participants at ease so that they feel confident to talk openly about their experiences Interpreting the data using IPA is a very time consuming process. There are various ways to carry this out, Smith et al gave an example: “Document emerging themes, using key words “(Cited pp6).
This requires re-reading of all data several times . The interpretation of data is also influenced by the researcher. As stated by Conrad (1987) “Researchers own conceptions” (cited pp 3) Researchers may analyse data looking for specific themes that will support their research question. They may find it difficult to remain objective. There is a danger that they may miss other relevant themes. How researchers interpret data will also be dependent on their own phenomenological worlds and experiences. No two researchers will interpret the data and complete the write up from same view point. It is called interpretive as “There is no definitive or prescribed way” (Citied pp19) Smith et al also discussed how IPA may be used by researchers may have carried out research with a small group. This may tend to be “Exploratory” (cited pp1)IPA is used to
“Facilitate the identification of shared experiences across a group of participants “.(Citied pp17)
It is acknowledged that the researcher who uses IPA for a group cannot provide as detailed analysis as a Case Study as it would take too much time to analyse and would “Not be cost effective “(pp 18)
The researcher would look for themes that are shared by all the participants. Once identified the themes may shape the direction ofthe analysis.
“Where personally distinct experiences would then be considered“(cited pp18)
This can be a very time consuming process as once the themes have been indentified, the researcher needs to re-read the data as “Extracts could have been overlooked” (cited 21). The researcher needs to be aware that the themes that emerge may not necessarily be the themes that have re-occurred during the analyses.It may depend on
“The richness of passages which highlight the themes “(citedpp13).
The analyses section of report “distinguish between what the respondent said and the analyst`s interpretation or account of this” (cited pp15). Several ways to write up the analyses that the approach the researcher decides to use must reflect the research question. Whether this may be “Narrative argument “or an account concerned with “complexity or ambiguity” (citied pp15). After reading Chapter 15 and examples of the findings from both the case study account and the exploratory account I could see the benefits of IPA. Gaining a deep insight and into the participants world through an in-depth narrative account. However I think the researcher needs to be cautious. Remaining objective if the analyses are to reflect the data of the participants. IPA is vulnerable to researcher bias. It also Raised issue of the importance of thorough analyses of the data required to provide a “Significant and distinctive contribution” (cited pp27) Would I use IPA? Smith et al stated that IPA is used a lot in health psychology with participants who suffer with ill health “Belief people think about their bodies and talk about their bodies “(cited in Smith et al) I t would depend on my research question. For instance as a careers adviser in main stream school I might use IPA if I wanted to explore `personal accounts of specific groups` for example `The personal experiences of children of travelling families who decided to carry onto post 16 education` or ` The experiences of teenage mothers who decide to return toeducation`
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IS THEORY POSSIBLE IN SOCIAL SCIENCES? Posted on December 5, 2010by crow1234
I chose to read Bent Flyvbjerg`s book “Making Social Science Matter”, to explore where my epistemology and ontological beliefs lie. Do they fit within the Constructivist/Humanistic paradigm? For this blog I read chapter 3: “Is theory possible in social science “? Flyvbjerg puts forward an argument to explain why scientific theory is not possible in social science research.Flyvbjerg argues
“The strength of social sciences lies in rich reflexive analysis ofvalues and power”
(Citied in preface)
The chapter began with Flyvbjerg comparing the study of `natural sciences` (such as Maths, Physics and Chemistry) with `social sciences`. Rationalism has been dominant in natural Science research. Social scientists from the positivistic paradigm use natural sciencemethods.
“Explanation and prediction based on context independent theories”(Cited pp 28)
In the world of science research findings that follow natural science methods carried out in a systematic way, that use scientific and objective research methods. Which are deemed to be “prestigious” and findings validated and always been the favouredby scholars.
However he asks the question “Can human and society be scientific in the same manner as naturalist science”?(Citied chapter 3)
He states researcher’s fear shifting paradigms from the `naturist scientific theory` where research findings are well respected in the world of scientific research to the social sciences whose methodologies and methods are inconsistent. However Flyvbjerg argues “Theories that follow the positivist paradigm are not trulyscientific”
(Cited Chapter 3)
That paradigms shift and change to reflect changing political views and when the original paradigm ceases to explain human behaviour. For the last two hundred years social scientists have striven to finda
“Predictive theory” (citied in chapter 3) That would allow social science research methods to have the status of being `scientific’. Different models and paradigms explain why thisis difficult.
Models from the `Critical deconstructive Model`, employs the `DrefusModel` who argue
“Intelligent action consists of something other than calculated, analytical rationality “(Citied pp 21)
Human behaviour is not rational as people’s interpretations of their social world are subjective. They will be unique therefore “Cannot be generalised theoretically “(cited chapter 3) Hermeneutic theorists argue that “Natural sciences are insulated from world”(Citied chapter 3)
Therefore research can be carried out that uses scientific objective measurement .That social science researchers cannot carry out research on human behaviour that excludes the impact of the social world. Research that tries to exclude the `social`, will not provide a true reflection/account. That humans do not behave independently oftheir environments.
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The Hermeneutic theorist Giddens states “Social theory cannot be insulated from its `object world` which is its `subject world` “ (Cited in chapter 3) Each individual’s perceptions and “self Interpretations” (cited chapter 3) Will be unique; no two humans will experience the same social world through the same eyes. “People are part of context” (cited chapter 3). Social scientists need to be able to explain human behaviour by putting it into context of their social environments. The ethnomethodologist Garfunkel believed “Social science in context dependant, dependant on the researcher and the researcher (Citied chapter 3). Garfunkel believed that the researchers own experiences, epistemology and ontological beliefs influence how they interpret their research. That researcher`s cannot remain completely subjective. Nature of social science research involves methods of interpretation unlike natural sciences which use more scientific methods which are considered to be more objective. Flyvbjerg concludes the chapter by stating given the arguments put forward from differing paradigms stating how social science should be researched. That social science research cannot provide `objective scientific ` measurements of human behaviour therefore it is “Incapable of achieving scientific status in the way natural sciences can “(cited in chapter 3) Reading this chapter and others in Flyvbjerg`s book in a critical way helped to clarify where my epistemology and ontological beliefs lie. That my research may follow the constructivism/humanisticparadigm.
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DIFFICULTIES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Posted on December 3, 2010by crow1234
Having carried out the research, the researcher has to decide on the method of analysis they will use to interpret the data. “Purpose of data analysis is to identify patterns and themes in data “ (cited in Braun et al). Ensuring that the model will fit with the research question. Researchers are divided into “Two camps” (citied in Braun et al). Camp 1: For researchers whose literature review, epistemology and ontological beliefs are embedded in the realism/experiential paradigm. The researcher may choose ` Conversational Analysis` or `Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Both methods are considered to be very structured and looked for patterns and themes that support the theoretical paradigm. “Theorise motivations, experience and meaning in a straight forward way “(cited in Braun et al). There are other methods following the realist/experiential paradigm, these include ` Grounded Theory `, `Discourse Analysis` and Narrative analysis. Although these have a more flexible approach to identifying patterns and themes from the data. Camp 2: For researchers whose epistemology and ontological beliefs follow the ` Constructivist Paradigm`. “Belief the world is socially constructed “ (citied in Braunet al).
These methods seek to “Look for a relationship between social world and individual accounts “ (cited in Braun et al). One such method that fits in the second camp is Thematic Analysis however is may not follow the constructivist paradigm. This is a popular method with researchers as it is not embedded in any epistemology or ontological theories. Boyatzis (1998) states “not a specific model , a tool to sue across different methods “ (citied in Braun et al). The model is favoured by researchers who prefer to carry out research prior to the literature review. However could there be risk that the data report will influence the type of literature review carried out ? Might the researcher seek literature that fits with thefindings?
Theoretical analysis requires the researcher to search across the data looking for repeated “Patterns, meaning, identifying consistent themes “ (cited inBraun et al).
There are pitfalls for which ever methods the researcher decides touse.
The analysis for data needs to follow a systematic process. That if the researcher does not follow the order there is a risk that a potentially interesting research is deemed invalid! Analysing the data can be a very time consuming process. Which involves the researcher “Reading and re-reading “ (cited in Braun et al) Thousands of words. Researcher needs to remain objective, not excluding any data at the initial stage. The researcher cannot predict how many hours they will need to allow for this. However theyto reach a point
“Knowing when to stop going over the data “ (citied in Braun etal)
Researchers whose chosen method of analyses is embedded in the experiential/realist paradigm susceptible to only selecting the data that relates to ontological theory. This may exclude significant rich data that could add new insights. It could be argued that he report does not truly reflect the data. A researcher may spend hours identifying patterns and themes only to discover at the review and report writing stage that the data fails to “Identify essence of what each theme is about “ (citied in Braunet al).
The researcher would be required to read through all the data again. For a part-time Masters student such as myself who is restricted by time, may not have allowed extra time to carry this out. Whether the researcher is carrying out aReport this ad
“Detailed analysis, each stage evidencing how this fits with the big picture” (cited in Braun et al). Researchers are restricted by word count need to discuss relevance of themes in a couple of sentences. Need to be SMART. Researcherskilled in this .
There have been criticisms of thematic analysis. Where someresearchers
“Paraphrase data extracts, failed to look for themes “ (cited inBraun et al)
Where researchers used questions as themes. This cannot be calledanalysis !
Data analysis that fails to capture the majority of the data cannotprovide a
“Rich description/interpretation of claims” (citied in Braun etal).
Researchers need to be aware of themes that link connections which are to similar, not only do they waste time analysing the data but may not add anything new to the report. Similarly researchers who have to many themes, may have a report thatlacks scope.
“theme needs to capture something important about the data “ (cited in Braun et al). That will also provide “Depth and complexity” (cited in Braun et al). A poorly designed questionnaire/interview questions where the responses do not support the research question “Can narrow the analytic field of vision” (cite d in Braun et al). When transcribing the data whether the analysis is `data driven` or `theory driven`. A report that “Fails to report meanings evident in the data set as a whole “ (cited in Braun et al). The researcher whose analysis fails t reflect the epistemology and ontological theory. Researchers who can fall victim to this are those who use Thematic analysis when the analysis is not embedded in theory . A report where the themes do not support the findings “Mismatch between theory and type of analysis used “ (cite d inBraun et al).
A well written report is one that is “logical, concise, co-herent, non-repetitive account of the story “ (cited in Braun et al). Which method would suite me ? After reading the Braun et al article discussing Thematic Analysis I must admit I am drawn to this model. It is flexible and impartial and simplistic in design. There is freedom from theory and theoretical bias allowing the research to identify themes and patterns. However the method I decide to use may be dictated by my research question! Posted in Uncategorized| Leave a
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PITFALLS AND DIFFICULTIES INVOLVED IN RESEARCH INTERVIEWS Posted on November 19, 2010by crow1234
“Research interview is by far the most common way of gathering quality data “(cited in 7 Interviews). As a researcher who chooses to carryout interviews as a research method. A well designed interview that has been piloted can elicit rich sources of in-depth data that contributes to the research. However there are several pitfalls of interviewing: The type and rich data that can be collected by the interviewer is dependant not only on the design of the interview questions but also the skills of the interviewer. The interviewer needs to build `a rapport` with the participant, to make the participant feel relaxed. For an experienced interviewer this may come naturally however an interviewer who has no/little experience of interviewing this can present as a barrier. If the interviewers voice, body language, shows tension, anxiety this will reflect in the interaction with the participant. It may affect how relaxed or confident the participant feels. “Sometimes people do not hit it off personally” (citied in 7 Interviews). They participant may find the interview experience tense, strained and give a lot of closed answers ( in order to finish the interview as quickly as possible) this would , restrict the type of data collected that can later be analysed. Massarik (1981) has given examples of research with participants who are not given a choice to participate (for example police interrogation of suspects). These participants may present as hostile and distrustful so the type of responses will be limited. As a Connexions Personal Adviser based in a main stream school I may want to interview students/staff as part of my research. Important that participants are given the choice whether or not to participate rather than coerced. That the participants who agree are more likely to actively engage in the interview process. As a Careers Adviser working in a main stream school, it is a requirement that all `Children Looked After ` are seen at least once a year for a 1:1 interview with their Connexions Adviser. I can think of one young person I have seen over the last two years who does not want these appointments.. How do I know? Body language: lack of eye contact and giving closed answers (yes/no) to questions. Not wanting to engage in the interview process. When reflecting at the end of the interview what was the purpose? What was achieved? It would be difficult to justify the time given to this interview. Interview bias: previous research has revealed that participants responses can be influenced by the age, gender, ethnicity of the interviewer “can affect the answers which they produce “ (cited in 7 Interviews). This may be a factor that I need to consider if I plan to carry out interviews as part of the Masters Research. How can I ensure that my age/sex/ethnicity does not alter the answers. Do young people think that their comments/ responses will be viewed in a less judgemental way if the interviewer is younger (in twenties) as opposed to older? It has been suggested that a possible solution to this would be to have several interviewers of varying ages/sex /ethnic origins that this should provide representative responses. This would be a solution if the research was large scale however as a Masters Student (part-time) whose research will be small scale (6+ participants) this would not be an option. “Most people like to be co-operative” (citied in 7 Interviews). As a researcher risk that participants will give responses that they think the interviewer wants to hear. They may be influenced by the facial reactions, body language, non verbal queues of the interviewer. The participant who sees the interviewer frown may change their responses to “something that they feel is more socially acceptable” (citied in 7 Interviews) which brings into question how validated will the data be ? As a Careers Adviser interviewing daily in a school need to maintain an objective, impartial persona. Sometimes this is not always possible as my non verbal reactions for example: facial expressions will communicate my subjective feelings. There are three types of interviews: Structured Interviews, Semi Structured and Open Structured. Each have pros and cons. Structured interviews have been criticised as having on flexibility in structure of questions. Questions are often closed. Once the interview has begun. “Little left to the interviewers judgement or initiative” (citied in 7 Interviews). If a participant makes an interest comment restricted in response, does not allow interviewer to explore and put this into context. Structured interviews have been compared with questionnaires in the type of data they can produce however they are more “time consuming” to carry out and analyse the results. Semi Structured interviews used to “collect peoples ideas, opinions and accounts of their experiences” (citied in & Interviews) however they use a lot of closed questions (as well as open) so that type of data produced may be superficial. May not allow the interviewer toprobe.
Open Structure interviews are often called “rapport interviews” (citied in 7 Interviews). As the interviewer is collected rich in-depth sources of data it is recommended that they use short hand or a tape-recorder. There are ethical issues concerning this. What happens if he participant does not want to talk into a tape recorder ? and the interviewer is unable to use short hand. How can you ensure all relevant information is recorded ? Important quotes may be missed, it is not until the data is analysed that the interviewer decides which information is relevant. How the data is analysed can influence how the research findings are interpreted. Using `lists of frequencies` has been criticised that “reducing every thing to numbers”( citied in 7 Interviews) risk “ doesn`t automatically show how important the theme is ” (citied in 7 Interviews).Report this ad
That analysing the interviews can be time consuming. Particularly semi-structured and open structured interviews where open questionshave been used.
That for some forms of analyses the interviewer “requires considerable sophistication in the use of computers” (citied in &Interviews)
Ethical issue concerning the confidentiality. If the research is carried out in a small company and it is known who has participated in the research although names can be changed, the interviewer cannot guarantee complete confidentiality. There is a risk a participant’s comments can be recognised by the employer/work colleagues. If the comments were negative would there be any consequences for the participant? Alienated from work colleagues ? Over looked for Promotion ? Posted in Uncategorized| Leave a
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PROS AND CONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Posted on November 1, 2010by crow1234
Questionnaires are used by researchers when they need to “collect information from large numbers of people” (citied in 5 QuestionnaireStudies).
Questionnaires allow researchers to use quantitative methods to collect large sources of data, researching “wide spread phenomena” (citied in Questionnaire studies).Pro
The researcher has autonomy over the design of the questionnaire which is specific to the aims and objectives of the research. Questionnaires are designed to target specific groups (age, gender, ethnicity, social class etc) to “elicit information from people” (citied in questionnaire studies, pg 71). Questionnaires are used to collect “factual information” (citied in questionnaire studies) this mayinclude:
“ Facts and knowledge, past behaviour, likely future behaviour, motives, opinions and attitudes ” (citied in Staged of Questionnaire Design, table 5.1, pg 71). A researcher who has “designed a good questionnaire (pg 71) should be able to explore their topic. That the format would allow for individual responses “expect people to want to respond in unpredictable ways” (cities in questionnaire studies) however the collective results should allow the researcher to makegeneralisations.
The researcher who designs a questionnaire that uses mostly `closed questions` may use statistical analysis to analyse the findings. Findings are “easy to score and analyse” (citied in questionnairestudies).
They may present the findings in form of Bar Charts, Pie charts or percentages. This form of reporting results often viewed as scientific and results considered validated. Questionnaires that are carried out with hundreds/thousands of participants can be both economical in time and costs. For instance as a Careers Adviser working in a mainstream secondary school, if I wanted to explore How year 11 students made their post 16 Option choices ? I have a choice as to how to carry out thisquestionnaire.
I could email all year 11 students asking them to complete the questionnaire and return as an emailed attachment. This would save my time (as face to face interview is not required) and paper. I can track the progress and sent reminder emails if questionnaires have not been returned. I could give out paper questionnaires and ask tutors to get all students to complete during tutor time, this would ensure all students completed the questionnaire and returned to the tutor. Of course this does raise the question concerning participation choice rather thancoercion.
Telephone interviews can be used however these can be very time consuming and costly. Postal questionnaires have also been used. A benefit is that researcher is not required to administer the questionnaire however heresiarch findings have shown that this is not a very successful method as only 20-30 % complete and return the questionnaires. It can also be very expensive for paper, envelopes, stamps and SAE. If researcher used this method as only method for research a lack of respondents could question the validity of findings. Also may not be significant enough to make generalisations. As a Masters student I would not use a questionnaire as the main research method as the results are factual and do not provide in-depth interpretations of the findings. However I might use a questionnaire with a large group as a process of identifying a smaller “representative sample” (who are prepared to participate) for aqualitative study.
This could also avoid `participant bias`, which could occur if I were to ask school for participants for my research. May be a risk that school chose participants (maybe gifted and talented, highly motivated, from specific social class) who school know will actively participate however they may not be a `representative sample `. An advantage of a questionnaire is that it can be piloted with members of the sample group which would highlight any design faults. “ If anyone has to ask you a question while they fill in the questionnaire it needs to be re-written” (citied in questionnaire studies pg 78). This can save the researcher a lot of time. It can also ensure that the results/findings can be analysedCon
There is a risk that questionnaires that are carried out without the supervision/researcher administering that questions can be open to misinterpretation. Researcher not available to clarify questions. There is also a risk that questionnaires that are emailed, posted, handed out so not allow for different levels of literacy. The purpose of the questionnaire is to target a particular group a “representative sample”. “ A representative sample should be representative of the population from which it comes” (citied in questionnaire studies, pg 83). As a Careers Adviser in a main stream secondary school. If I were to email a questionnaire to all year 11 students. There would be a group of students with high levels of literacy who could interpret and answer the questions however there would also be a group who may have low levels of literacy, literacy learning difficulties, Dyslexia etc. This group may misinterpret the questions, may be intimidated by the questions and either not answer specific questions(questionnaire becomes invalid) or not attempt the questionnaire. Not only does this raise the question concerning the validity of the results but also how `representative ` are the findings ! The questionnaire article also raised concerns about the design format. That a good design format should have questions that follow on from each other in some context. Previous research has shown that a poorly designed questionnaire, where this is not evident can alter the findings “different sequences can produce different results” (citied in designing questionnaires, pg 78). Raises the question how validated are the results ?Cons
The questionnaire design is at risk of “researcher bias” (citied in questionnaire studies). The researcher may use closed questions which restrict the answers of the participants. The participants may not agree with either response but feel obliged to chose an answer. Which raise the question how validated are the results ? Are the findings a true reflection of public opinion ? Questionnaires that use `open questions` are considered to be “more representative of subjects true opinions” (citied in questionnaire studies) which allow the researcher to interpret and place responses in context. However questionnaires that use open questions can be time consuming to interpret. If the researcher has over one hundred questions to interpret this will take considerable time. Questionnaires are also at risk of `response bias`. That respondents give responses that they think the researcher wants. This could be particularly prevalent if the participant knows the researcher ! There is also the risk in an educational setting that students are not given a choice as to whether they want to participate, rather they arecoerced.
There is an ethical issue in relation to confidentiality for participants who take part in questionnaires that use `open questions`. Particularly if questionnaires are carried out within institutions. There is a risk when the researcher interprets the data that comments/quotes from participants can be recognised. Posted in Uncategorized| Leave a
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PROS AND CONS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND PARTICIPANT ACTIONRESEARCH (PAR).
Posted on October 29, 2010by crow1234
Kurt Lewin was the social scientist responsible for giving this research paradigm the name Action Research. He believed Action Research went through a circular process. That the researcher began by “identifying a general idea” this was followed by “fact finding, planning, action, evaluating, plan second action”. However new approaches will use Action Research as a form of “problem Solving”(citied in Action Research paper). Action Research has several definitions, one definition is: “research orientated towards direct practice” (taken from Action Research paper pg1). While Carr & Lewin define Action Research as “a form of self reflexive enquiry” carried out by practitioners whose purpose is to “improve the rationality and justice of their practice ” ( Carr & Kemmin 1986:162, cited in Action Research pg 1). Action Research evolved from Post Modernism when social scientists epistemology and ontological beliefs began to change. Through research findings they realised that people/participant/s experienced their world differently, that their experiences were subjective. Therefore research methods/designs needed to change to be able so that social researchers could gain an insight into the world of the individual (gathering rich sources of data). The Action Research paradigm became very popular in educational research. It was used to improve professional practice.Pro
Action Research can be used in education by the practitioner who wants to explore their own teaching style/practice. The practitioner may be asked by their institution to carry out Action Research on a work colleagues practice. For instance a teacher may want to explore why there is disruptive behaviour in a specific lesson and particular group he teachers . He may have talked to work colleagues who have not experienced any behaviour issues with this group. The practitioner may want to explore why this is happening. They may look at the course syllabus, his/her teacher style (if it is appropriate for this group), how discipline group, group dynamics. As a result of his findings he hopes to identify explanations for the behaviour and a plan to change teaching environment to reduce disruptive behaviour. Some Educational Institutions believe practitioners should use Action Research as part of their continuing CPD (continuing professionaldevelopment).
Action Research can involve a variety of qualitative methods, these can include: 1:1 interviews, focus groups, participant observation. The practitioner may decide to use more than one method.Con
There is a risk that for the practitioner who decides to evaluate his own practice. How do you select students to participate ? How objective will the practitioner be in his/her selection of participants ? Is there a risk that the practitioner selects students who he knows will co-operate with study, who he /she has a good relationship so that any comments/interview data will be complementary of the practitioner ? Will students feel they have a choice to participate or are they justselected/coerced ?
Will participants be honest in answers to questions particularly if the answer was negative ? Would there be fear of repercussions (lower grade marks etc). When writing up the report, how objective will the practitioner be when wiring the results ? What if the report is critical of their teaching style ? Will the practitioner include findings that will reveal this or will this be left out of the report ? If so it does raise the issue of how validated the report is. The purpose of Action Research is to allow the practitioner the opportunity for reflexive inquiry. That a practitioner who decides to use this research method has to be prepared to critically analyse and evaluate their practice if they want to make changes and improve. They most be prepared to take action as a result of the findings.Ethical Dilemma
For the practitioner who has been asked by either the work colleague or institution to evaluate the practice of another work colleague. There is risk that working relationships can be harmed. Particularly if the findings are critical of the practitioners teachingstyles/methods.
The researcher ethical dilemma will they be objective or subjective. Consequences of research on the researched. Pressure from institution to produce report that contributes to improved practice. As Bogdan & Biklen (1992:223) state the purpose of Action Research is to “bring about social change” (citied in Action Research paper, page1).
Action Research has come under criticism from positivists who question the validity and reliability of the results as findings are often unique to the specific research. That if that research was carried out again with a different group results would not be the same. Participatory Action Research (PAR) PAR also evolved from post modernism. Eldest and Lewin (1991) define PAR as “bringing participation into Action Research”. (citied in PAR: Considerations for Ethical Review, N. Knanloua and EPetera,C).
PAR is described as not a research method by an “ orientation to research” (Minkler & Wallersty: 2003 citied in PAR : Considerations for Ethical Review). PAR as a research method would be used by social researchers whose purpose is to improve the lives of people through a process of “inquiry & change” (citied in PAR: Considerations for Ethical Review pg2). They study groups who experience social inequalities, oppression, vulnerable groups. The purpose of the research is to allow these groups to have a voice. That by publishing the findings the researcher is raising awareness of social inequalities as a result findings help to change social policy for the benefit of these groups.They want equality.
The research methods that PAR may use can include both quantities and qualitative methods. The researcher may use one or a combination of methods which may include: 1:1 interviews, focus groups, participantobservation.
As an example where using PAR as a research method. As a Careers Adviser for my research I may decide to explore `why a high percentage of year 11 students leaving one inner city school are six months laterunemployed `? .
As a PAR researcher I may want to look at the social background of each student: home background, are they from homes where low wage earners (low status occupations) ?, high unemployment?. I might want to look at how many of the students are from homes whose parent/s/carers are dependant on state benefits, size of family, family set-up (single parent) who received free school meals when at school. I may want to interview parent/s to find out their aspirations for their children. Might their be expectation that they leave school at 16 and find a job !These factors may contribute to their outcome. I would want to look at the school, type of education they received. Did they come from schools who have low percentage of students achieving 5 A-C grades at GCSE. Did teachers motivate students, did they raise aspirations ? Or did they make assumptions that they would follow career path of parent/s and hence did not encourage them. I would want to look at SATS and CATS scores for each student to identify those students who underachieved. For this research I could use quantities research to gather data SATS and CATS scores . I could also use quantities analysis to display on pie chart the socio-economic backgrounds of the students. I would use qualitative methods, 1:1 interviews, focus groups to find out students experiences of school and to identify barriers. I would also use 1:1 interviews with teachers to explore how they taught , experienced these students, did they teach/treat them differently to other students ? Of course this particular piece of research would be to ambitious for myself as a part-time Masters Student who is restricted by time constraints. This type of research requires time and perhaps more than one researcher to carry out research.Con
As mentioned above as a Masters Student important to be realistic about the type of research study that can be carried out within the time scale. To be honest with yourself about the limitations that a small scale inquiry will have on bringing about `social change` and `improving the lives of others`. What impact will a small scale research which involved 6-8 students have on shaping social policy ? That as a researcher need to remember that the purpose of PAR research is to allow the minority (oppressed) to “tell their story” so that researcher can “raise awareness” of inequalities experienced by these groups. I believe that for PAR research to have an impact the research needs to be on a larger scale. That researcher would benefit from using both quantitative and qualitative methods of research. By using quantitative methods (statistical analysis) the researcher can reach larger numbers of the group. That as results considered more scientific by positivists results may have an impact to bring aboutsocial change.
That qualitative research would allow researcher and public to gain in-depth insight into the experiences of the individual. To gain a deeper understanding of their lives. Could their be an ethical issue if as a researcher by exploring with the individual their lives, exposing inequalities, oppression, that raising questions could bring feelings to surface that the individual may have buried (participant may get upset/angry) that could cause adjustment difficulties when returning to this environment?
An issue raised by social researchers is how the researcher chooses participants “ especially if they have been under-represented in the past” (Green et al 1995, cited in PAR pg4). Social Researcher needs to have a representative group if the research findings are to be considered validated. Both Action Research and PAR have pros and cons. As a social researcher the type of research method/paradigm that would be used would depend on the research question and the type of outcome the researcher was looking for. For my own research I as yet do not have a research question however for my own professional practice I am considering a more humanistic approach when I could carry out an evaluative enquiry . Posted in Uncategorized| Leave a
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