CAMOPEDIA

Welcome to Camopedia. The Camopedia website is a living document, providing a comprehensive, accurate, and academically-supported database referencing all of the major military and paramilitary camouflage patterns that have been in use around the world since the beginning of the 20th century. This reference is available as a free resource for historians, government agencies, military COMMERCIAL CAMOUFLAGE PATTERNS 5.11 Tactical. A series of three digital camouflage designs were created by the US-based 5.11, Inc. with the primary target audience being law enforcement and military personnel. Categorized as Woodland Digital, Desert Digital, and Urban Digital patterns, they have seen some usage by US Federal Agencies, and may have also seen limited use with (primarily ex-military) contractors serving in

IRELAND - CAMOPEDIA

The Republic of Ireland (Eire) Having replaced wool serge battledress in 1960, the Irish Defence Forces (Óglaigh na hÉireann) wore a plain olive green combat uniform for the next forty years. The only exception to this was the Army Ranger Wing (ARW), Ireland's special forces unit, which was outfitted with British Army DPM from the 1980s

into the mid-1990s.

SLOVENIA - CAMOPEDIA Slovenian Camouflage Patterns. The Slovenian M91 oakleaf pattern has been in service since 1991. The pattern is based on the Yugoslav M87 small oak leaf pattern, but uses different colours. This design is printed on both a heavier sateen cotton blend fabric, and a lighter weight ripstop fabric. A desert variation of the standard M91 oakleaf

RAIN - CAMOPEDIA

Rain Patterns. The term "rain" pattern refers to a camouflage design that incorporates a heavy percentage of vertically-aligned "straits" or "flecks" which suggest an image of falling rain. During the Second World War, the German Wehrmacht utilized this feature on several camouflage patterns, primarily the Splittermuster ( splinter) and

VIETNAM - CAMOPEDIA

Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The country that is today officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) was once a part of French Indochina.After the Japanese occupation of the Second World War ended, the Việt Minh (who had fought the Japanese during the war) strongly opposed French re-occupation of the country, which rapidly brought about the

NORWAY - CAMOPEDIA

In the 1950s, Norway experimented with simple camouflage patterns printed on a combination poncho & shelter half. One version incorporates blue-grey, dark green, reddish-brown and dark pink long "wave" shapes bordered with dark brown. These were in service into the 1970s and possibly later. The second Norwegian shelter pattern

features blue

PAKISTAN - CAMOPEDIA The FC Balochistan are a reserve paramilitary force that assists in law enforcement, carries out border patrols, and conducts anti-smuggling operations. Elements of the Pakistan Navy also issue a camouflage pattern uniform to some personnel. Seen here, the design incorporates sparse black and medium grey shapes on a light grey

background.

UKRAINE - CAMOPEDIACAMOPEDIA Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна) was formerly a socialist republic within the Soviet Union, and the largest country on the European continent.Following a failed military coup d'etat that resulted in the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine established its independence on 16 July

1990.

FINLAND - CAMOPEDIAFINLAND SURPLUSFINLAND HISTORY WARSFINLAND WAR MOVIESFINLAND WORLD WAR 2FINLAND AND RUSSIA WARFINLAND VS RUSSIA WAR Republic of Finland. This nation of 5.4 million people is officially known as the Republic of Finland (Suomen tasavalta). During the Winter War (Finnish: Talvisota, Swedish: Vinterkriget, Russian: Зимняя война) of 1939-1940, also known as the Russo-Finnish War, Finnish soldiers were often clad in a solid white snow suit, which seems to be the first instance of using camouflage by

CAMOPEDIA

Welcome to Camopedia. The Camopedia website is a living document, providing a comprehensive, accurate, and academically-supported database referencing all of the major military and paramilitary camouflage patterns that have been in use around the world since the beginning of the 20th century. This reference is available as a free resource for historians, government agencies, military COMMERCIAL CAMOUFLAGE PATTERNS 5.11 Tactical. A series of three digital camouflage designs were created by the US-based 5.11, Inc. with the primary target audience being law enforcement and military personnel. Categorized as Woodland Digital, Desert Digital, and Urban Digital patterns, they have seen some usage by US Federal Agencies, and may have also seen limited use with (primarily ex-military) contractors serving in

IRELAND - CAMOPEDIA

The Republic of Ireland (Eire) Having replaced wool serge battledress in 1960, the Irish Defence Forces (Óglaigh na hÉireann) wore a plain olive green combat uniform for the next forty years. The only exception to this was the Army Ranger Wing (ARW), Ireland's special forces unit, which was outfitted with British Army DPM from the 1980s

into the mid-1990s.

SLOVENIA - CAMOPEDIA Slovenian Camouflage Patterns. The Slovenian M91 oakleaf pattern has been in service since 1991. The pattern is based on the Yugoslav M87 small oak leaf pattern, but uses different colours. This design is printed on both a heavier sateen cotton blend fabric, and a lighter weight ripstop fabric. A desert variation of the standard M91 oakleaf

RAIN - CAMOPEDIA

Rain Patterns. The term "rain" pattern refers to a camouflage design that incorporates a heavy percentage of vertically-aligned "straits" or "flecks" which suggest an image of falling rain. During the Second World War, the German Wehrmacht utilized this feature on several camouflage patterns, primarily the Splittermuster ( splinter) and

VIETNAM - CAMOPEDIA

Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The country that is today officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) was once a part of French Indochina.After the Japanese occupation of the Second World War ended, the Việt Minh (who had fought the Japanese during the war) strongly opposed French re-occupation of the country, which rapidly brought about the

NORWAY - CAMOPEDIA

In the 1950s, Norway experimented with simple camouflage patterns printed on a combination poncho & shelter half. One version incorporates blue-grey, dark green, reddish-brown and dark pink long "wave" shapes bordered with dark brown. These were in service into the 1970s and possibly later. The second Norwegian shelter pattern

features blue

PAKISTAN - CAMOPEDIA The FC Balochistan are a reserve paramilitary force that assists in law enforcement, carries out border patrols, and conducts anti-smuggling operations. Elements of the Pakistan Navy also issue a camouflage pattern uniform to some personnel. Seen here, the design incorporates sparse black and medium grey shapes on a light grey

background.

UKRAINE - CAMOPEDIACAMOPEDIA Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна) was formerly a socialist republic within the Soviet Union, and the largest country on the European continent.Following a failed military coup d'etat that resulted in the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine established its independence on 16 July

1990.

FINLAND - CAMOPEDIAFINLAND SURPLUSFINLAND HISTORY WARSFINLAND WAR MOVIESFINLAND WORLD WAR 2FINLAND AND RUSSIA WARFINLAND VS RUSSIA WAR Republic of Finland. This nation of 5.4 million people is officially known as the Republic of Finland (Suomen tasavalta). During the Winter War (Finnish: Talvisota, Swedish: Vinterkriget, Russian: Зимняя война) of 1939-1940, also known as the Russo-Finnish War, Finnish soldiers were often clad in a solid white snow suit, which seems to be the first instance of using camouflage by COMMERCIAL CAMOUFLAGE PATTERNS 5.11 Tactical. A series of three digital camouflage designs were created by the US-based 5.11, Inc. with the primary target audience being law enforcement and military personnel. Categorized as Woodland Digital, Desert Digital, and Urban Digital patterns, they have seen some usage by US Federal Agencies, and may have also seen limited use with (primarily ex-military) contractors serving in CAMOUFLAGE IN FILM AND TELEVISION Camouflage In Film and Television. The purpose of this section is to illustrate some of the different camouflage patterns that have been invented, created, or appropriated for a specific film or television series. Some patterns have been inspired by existing or historical designs, whilst others were created specifically for the film or

series.

ISRAEL - CAMOPEDIA

Israel. The State of Israel (מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל) was created in 1948 out of the British Mandate of Palestine to provide a permanent Jewish homeland following the Second World War. The establishment of Israel was met with immediate antagonism by neighboring Arab states, thus sparking the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The

nation was

INDIA - CAMOPEDIA

Republic of India. The modern Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य) was born in 1947 following a largely non-violent struggle for independence from Great Britain.Following the dissolution of the British Indian Empire, the nation of Pakistan was formed out of territories with a Muslim majority, leaving over 10 million displaced people forced to migrate towards one or the other

VIETNAM - CAMOPEDIA

Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The country that is today officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) was once a part of French Indochina.After the Japanese occupation of the Second World War ended, the Việt Minh (who had fought the Japanese during the war) strongly opposed French re-occupation of the country, which rapidly brought about the

ITALY - CAMOPEDIA

Italy has one of the longest-standing military traditions of employing camouflage printed fabrics for concealment purposes. Although many nations experimented with camouflage schemes during the First World War, the Italians were the only nation to manufacture camouflage clothing in significant quantities for issue to a military unit.

JAMAICA - CAMOPEDIA

Jamaica. The island nation of Jamaica became a British colony in 1655 after it was captured from Spain. Hugely important to the slave trade and the sugar industry, by the beginning of the 19th century around 95% of the population were of African descent.

SOUTH AFRICA

Republic of South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (Republiek van Suid-Afrika) was originally inhabited by Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, but these were largely displaced in the 4th or 5th century CE by Bantu-speaking tribes, of whom the Xhosa and Zulu were the most prominent. Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to reach Southern Africa, naming the southern tip the

SOUTH KOREA

Republic of Korea (South Korea. The entire Korean peninsula was under Imperial Japanese colonial rule from 1910 until 1945. South Korea is officially the Republic of Korea (ROK or 대한민국), and was formed in 1948 when the peninsula was divied into North Korea (occupied by the USSR after WW2) and South Korea (occupied by the USA).North Korea invaded South Korea in June of 1950, with the

SWITZERLAND

The earliest camouflage pattern adopted by the Swiss Army was the Zelteinheiten 1901 pattern. This was introduced in 1938, and is a splinter design resembling the German Wehrmacht splittertarn pattern. In service from 1938 until around 1955, the pattern was only printed on rectangular shelter halves and never as a field uniform.

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CONTENTS

* 1 Welcome to Camopedia

* 2 COUNTRIES

* 2.1 AFRICA

* 2.2 ASIA

* 2.3 EUROPE

* 2.4 NORTH AMERICA

* 2.5 CENTRAL AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN

* 2.6 SOUTH AMERICA

* 2.7 OCEANIA

* 3 Camouflage Pattern "Families" * 4 Camouflage on Military Vehicles * 5 Camouflage on military aircraft * 6 Camouflage on naval vessels * 7 Camouflage Film and Television * 8 Fakes and Reproductions * 9 Commercial Camouflage Patterns

* 10 Dedication

WELCOME TO CAMOPEDIA The CAMOPEDIA website is a living document, providing a comprehensive, accurate, and academically-supported database referencing all of the major military and paramilitary camouflage patterns that have been in use around the world since the beginning of the 20th century. This reference is available as a free resource for historians, government agencies, military personnel, collectors, artists & designers, airsoft & MILSIM enthusiasts, military modelers, and all others with an interest in camouflage design, development, and history. THIS WEBSITE AND ALL IT CONTAINS IS COPYRIGHTED 2010-2020 -- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. WE ASK THAT A COURTEOUS REFERENCE TO CAMOPEDIA PLEASE BE MADE WHENEVER YOU CHOOSE TO CITE, PARAPHRASE, OR OTHERWISE UTILIZE THE INFORMATION PRESENTED HERE IN ANY OTHER FORMAT. THIS INCLUDES BLOG ENTRIES, VIDEOS, FORUM POSTS, PRINTED MATTER, ET AL. ALL TEXT AND PHOTOGRAPHS (EXCEPT WHERE SPECIFICALLY CREDITED TO OTHER SOURCES) ON THIS SITE REMAIN OUR EXCLUSIVE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. Although we have been inspired and assisted by numerous other scholars and researchers, the contents presented here are primarily based on the conclusions of our own independent research. Whenever possible, we have made every effort to independently verify traditional sources of identification, and in many cases have made discoveries that are presented to the public here for the first time. In a very few instances, we have opted to make educated inferences regarding the identification of certain designs or samples taken from extant specimens; these cases are noted individually as unverified whenever possible. Primary sources for our data include: information from official government or military publications and nomenclature, period photographs from a variety of primary sources, physical specimens (with provenance), published material, and unpublished material from academic or military sources that can be verified. This site prides itself on having rigid standards for verification, and although our sources are not always cited nor every piece of evidence presented, the visitor can rest assured that such documentation has been vetted and would be available for review in the event some information presented here was questioned. For a thorough explanation of the methodology developed specifically for this site, please refer to the special section on RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR CAMOUFLAGE UNIFORM

COLLECTORS

.

Although we have done our best to give credit for supportive source material when appropriate, all of the text presented here is our own and we take full responsibility for any errors or mistakes encountered. As a living document, sections of the site are constantly being updated as new information becomes available to us. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of fellow collectors, historians, military personnel, and published authors - particularly fellow members of the International Camouflage Uniform Society

(ICUS ) and the

Camopedia Patreon - for their support, contributions, and assistance in clarifying data for this site. Where appropriate, these individuals are credited individually in the appropriate sections or on the Donors

page.

Original submissions, corrections and supplemental information are welcomed and appreciated, in order for the site to expand. Individuals whose input substantially adds to the content of individual pages will be credited in the appropriate section(s). We encourage anyone with clear photographic examples of patterns not represented herein (or those represented only by photographs borrowed from the public domain) to submit them so we may add to and improve the site. Any data to be considered for inclusion on this site should be appropriately documented with source material. By submitting materials (including photographs) to this site, you have granted us permission to use them in perpetuity, free of charge, and without any guarantee of credit or

acknowledgement.

Should you have any comments please send email to: icus@camouflagesociety.org Thank you for patronizing this site, Eric H Larson, Executive Editor

COUNTRIES

We have based the organization of this site on the geographical and composition system utilized by the UNITED NATIONS. As with most classification systems, this one is not perfect and may cause some confusion or consternation with the occasional visitor to our site. Please understand we utilize the system only to maintain a standard, and not as a symbol of embracing a particular political outlook. We understand that a few of the countries listed here consider themselves part of a different region or continent, and respect the cultural significance of this affiliation. For reference purposes the United Nations' classification system can be found here: United Nations Geographical Regions

AFRICA

* Algeria

* Angola

* Benin

* Biafra

* Botswana

* Burkina Faso

* Burundi

* Cameroon

* Cape Verde

* Central African Republic

* Chad

* Comoros

* Democratic Republic of Congo * Republic of Congo

* Côte d'Ivoire

* Djibouti

* Egypt

* Equatorial Guinea

* Eritrea

* Ethiopia

* Gabon

* Gambia

* Ghana

* Guinea

* Guinea-Bissau

* Katanga

* Kenya

* Lesotho

* Liberia

* Libya

* Madagascar

* Malawi

* Mali

* Mauritania

* Mauritius

* Morocco

* Mozambique

* Namibia

* Niger

* Nigeria

* Rhodesia

* Rwanda

* São Tomé and Príncipe

* Senegal

* Seychelles

* Sierra Leone

* Somalia

* South Africa

* South Africa -

Bophuthatswana

* South Africa - Ciskei * South Africa - Gazankulu * South Africa - Ka Ngwane * South Africa - Kwa

Ndebele

* South Africa - Kwa Zulu * South Africa - Lebowa * South Africa - Qwa Qwa * South Africa - Transkei * South Africa - Venda

* South Sudan

* South West Africa

* Sudan

* Swaziland

* Tanzania

* Togo

* Tunisia

* Uganda

* Western Sahara

* Zaire

* Zambia

* Zimbabwe

ASIA

* Afghanistan

* Armenia

* Azerbaijan

* Bahrain

* Bangladesh

* Bhutan

* Brunei

* Burma (Myanmar)

* Cambodia

* China

* Cyprus

* East Timor

(Timor-Leste)

* Georgia

* India

* Indonesia

* Iran

* Iraq

* Israel

* Japan

* Jordan

* Kazakhstan

* Kurdistan

* Kuwait

* Kyrgyzstan

* Laos

* Lebanon

* Malaysia

* Maldives

* Mongolia

* Nepal

* North Korea

* Oman

* Pakistan

* Palestine

* Philippines

* Republic of Vietnam

* Qatar

* Saudi Arabia

* Singapore

* South Korea

* Sri Lanka

* Syria

* Taiwan (Republic of China)

* Tajikistan

* Thailand

* Turkmenistan

* Turkey

* United Arab Emirates

* Uzbekistan

* Vietnam

* Yemen Arab Republic * Yemen (Democratic Republic)

* Yemen

EUROPE

* Albania

* Austria

* Belarus

* Belgium

* Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Bulgaria

* Croatia

* Czechoslovakia

* Czech Republic

* Denmark

* East Germany

* Estonia

* Finland

* France

* Germany - after 1945 &

Unified

* Germany (Third Reich)

* Greece

* Hungary

* Iceland

* Ireland

* Italy

* Kosovo

* Latvia

* Lithuania

* Luxembourg

* Macedonia

* Malta

* Moldova

* Montenegro

* Netherlands

* Norway

* Poland

* Portugal

* Romania

* Russia

* Serbia

* Serbian Krajina

* Slovakia

* Slovenia

* Spain

* Srpska Republic

* Sweden

* Switzerland

* Ukraine

* United Kingdom

* USSR (the Soviet Union)

* Yugoslavia

NORTH AMERICA

* Canada

* USA (United States of America) CENTRAL AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN * Antigua and Barbuda * Bahamas (Commonwealth of)

* Barbados

* Belize

* Costa Rica

* Cuba

* Dominican Republic

* El Salvador

* Guatemala

* Haiti

* Honduras

* Jamaica

* Mexico

* Nicaragua

* Panama

* Puerto Rico

* Saint Kitts and Nevis

* Saint Lucia

* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Trinidad and Tobago

SOUTH AMERICA

* Argentina

* Bolivia

* Brazil

* Chile

* Colombia

* Ecuador

* Guyana (Cooperative

Republic)

* Paraguay

* Peru

* Suriname

* Uruguay

* Venezuela

OCEANIA

* Australia

* Fiji (Republic of)

* New Zealand

* Papua New Guinea

* Tonga

* Vanuatu

CAMOUFLAGE PATTERN "FAMILIES" * Brushstroke - British WW2 pattern

derivatives

* Chocolate Chip - US six-color desert and its derivatives * Digital patterns (CADPAT,

MARPAT etc.)

* DPM (British) - Disruptive Pattern Material * Duck hunter - US M1942 spot pattern

derivatives

* Flecktarn - the German _flecktarnmuster_ and its derivatives * Leaf - US M1948 ERDL derivatives * Lizard - French or Portuguese pattern

derivatives

* Puzzle - "jigsaw puzzle" patterns (Belgium, Yugoslavia etc.) * Rain - used by many Warsaw Pact Countries * Splinter - German WW2 Wehrmacht, Bulgaria, Sweden etc. * Tiger stripe - Vietnam War era

pattern

* Woodland - US M1981 derivatives CAMOUFLAGE ON MILITARY VEHICLES Camouflage on Military Vehicles CAMOUFLAGE ON MILITARY AIRCRAFT Camouflage on military aircraft CAMOUFLAGE ON NAVAL VESSELS Camouflage on naval vessels CAMOUFLAGE FILM AND TELEVISION Camouflage in Film and Television FAKES AND REPRODUCTIONS Fakes and Reproductions COMMERCIAL CAMOUFLAGE PATTERNS Commercial Camouflage Patterns

DEDICATION

This site is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Jean F. Borsarello , Mr. Michael Powlen, and Mr Yves Debay - mentors, colleagues and friends. Each of these distinguished gentlemen made significant contributions to the field of military camouflage studies at a time when very little research was available from any sources, so it is to them we owe a huge debt of gratitude. Their devotion to this obscure field of study is a model we may all hope to emulate.

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