PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading to

stiffen

DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.

PATERNAL CARE

Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. In mammals, less than 5% of species show male investment in parenting.

TETSURO MATSUZAWA

Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a

42-year

PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036.

MICHEL BRUNET

Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural Sciences

State

CAROLINE TUTIN

Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading to

stiffen

DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.

PATERNAL CARE

Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. In mammals, less than 5% of species show male investment in parenting.

TETSURO MATSUZAWA

Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a

42-year

PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036.

MICHEL BRUNET

Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural Sciences

State

CAROLINE TUTIN

Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation. HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions.

CANINE MORPHOLOGY

Canine teeth are single rooted but can, rarely, be double rooted in the lower jaw. Canine roots and crowns are longer (taller) than those of incisors. Modern human upper canines have two strong marginal ridges and a midline elevation running from the cingulum to the tip. These usually define two shallow lingual mesial and distal fossae but

PATERNAL CARE

Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. In mammals, less than 5% of species show male investment in parenting. PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength of

these

END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and death

occurs

HAR1 (HUMAN ACCELERATED REGION 1) Human Accelerated Regions 1 (HAR1) is part of the cis-antisense RNA gene pair HAR1F and HAR1R, which are expressed in neurons during human embryonic cortical development and adult brain. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading to

stiffen

PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036.

MICHEL BRUNET

Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural Sciences

State

PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading to

stiffen

INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.

TETSURO MATSUZAWA

Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a

42-year

ALISON BROOKS

Alison Brooks. Alison S. Brooks is a professor of anthropology and international affairs at the George Washington University and a founding member of the Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology (CASHP). In addition, she is a research associate in the Human Origins Program at the National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian

MICHEL BRUNET

Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural Sciences

State

CAROLINE TUTIN

Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation.

PAOLA VILLA

Paola Villa is an Italian archaeologist and a researcher at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History. She has a doctorate in Classical Archaeology from the University of Rome and a Ph.D. in Prehistoric Archaeology from the University of California at Berkeley. She was Professor at the University of Bordeaux in France between 1993 PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading to

stiffen

INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.

TETSURO MATSUZAWA

Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a

42-year

ALISON BROOKS

Alison Brooks. Alison S. Brooks is a professor of anthropology and international affairs at the George Washington University and a founding member of the Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology (CASHP). In addition, she is a research associate in the Human Origins Program at the National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian

MICHEL BRUNET

Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural Sciences

State

CAROLINE TUTIN

Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation.

PAOLA VILLA

Paola Villa is an Italian archaeologist and a researcher at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History. She has a doctorate in Classical Archaeology from the University of Rome and a Ph.D. in Prehistoric Archaeology from the University of California at Berkeley. She was Professor at the University of Bordeaux in France between 1993 HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions.

CANINE MORPHOLOGY

Canine teeth are single rooted but can, rarely, be double rooted in the lower jaw. Canine roots and crowns are longer (taller) than those of incisors. Modern human upper canines have two strong marginal ridges and a midline elevation running from the cingulum to the tip. These usually define two shallow lingual mesial and distal fossae but

PATERNAL CARE

Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. In mammals, less than 5% of species show male investment in parenting. PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength of

these

END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and death

occurs

HAR1 (HUMAN ACCELERATED REGION 1) Human Accelerated Regions 1 (HAR1) is part of the cis-antisense RNA gene pair HAR1F and HAR1R, which are expressed in neurons during human embryonic cortical development and adult brain. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading to

stiffen

PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males

MICHEL BRUNET

Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural Sciences

State

PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036. Skip to main content

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HOME

Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the

human phenomenon".

In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions.

LATEST NEWS

CARTA Members in the News: Dr. Alysson Muotri (UC San Diego) & Prof. Pat Churchland (UC San Diego)

Oct 30, 2020

A Great Success: "Comparative Anthropogeny: Exploring the Human-Ape Paradox," presented by CARTA on Oct. 24, 2020

Oct 26, 2020

CARTA Members in the News: Prof. Nina Jablonski (PennState)

Oct 13, 2020

all news >

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Altered States of the Human Mind: Implications for Anthropogeny Mar 13, 2021 - 12:00pm The Evolution of Human Physical Activity May 15, 2021 - 12:00pm all upcoming symposia >

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