Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
More Annotations
A complete backup of https://photophique.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://hazardouswasteexperts.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://lehollandaisvolant.net
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://savi.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://globe-views.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://ergulhasir.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://cmostores.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://amigauserinternational.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://sunrise-divers.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://topten119.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://gsc.social
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://o571.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
Favourite Annotations
A complete backup of https://thumbpress.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://palermocentercity.it
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://viagraxlc.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://epasapoarte.ro
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://bupropionwellbutrin.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://northshore.edu
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://feralcats.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://thaivapeshop.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://kessler-rehab.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://tailor.ru
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://painaustralia.org.au
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of https://vial-lva.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
Text
rated
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK For a variety of applications, using current transformers is an efficient way to sense current with minimum insertion loss. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is the maximum amount of weight that is intended to be put on the scale, generally limited by the scale design. Specifying the capacity generally has an effect on two things: ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK A bimetal breaker responds in an inverse time manner. As the current passes, it bends the bimetal breaker and makes the circuit trip (seeFigure 23).
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The 3-phase induction motor is over 100 years old and obviously many design changes and variations have appeared over the years. However certain fundamental characteristics remain the same and it is the problems that these inherent features cause that electronic soft startaims to solve.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The slip ring motors usually have “Phase-Wound” rotor. This type of rotor is provided with a 3-phase, double-layer, distributed winding consisting of coils used in alternators. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK We are able to supply copper wire with dia. 0.5mm; 0.1mm; 1mm and 2mm as per sample (it means-with out insulation = 100% copper) continuousl ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK • Impeller or rotor – A series of radial blades are attached to a hub. The assembly of the hub and blades is called impeller or rotor. As the impeller rotates, it creates a ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK It has been documented that some electric motors fail in inverter applications. This has often been attributed to inverter voltage “spikes.” While this is relatively correct, it misses some important aspects to the mode of failure. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 3. What efficiency values should I use when comparing motors? When comparing motor efficiencies, be sure to use a consistent measure ofefficiency.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is because the AC servo's speed control range is 1:1000 to 5000, and its speed fluctuation ratio is 0.01% or less, and also because AC servo motors can rotate with constant output torque, which is a feature not provided by other speed-variable motors. 3) Frequent positioning operation AC servo system can provide up to 300% of therated
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK For a variety of applications, using current transformers is an efficient way to sense current with minimum insertion loss. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is the maximum amount of weight that is intended to be put on the scale, generally limited by the scale design. Specifying the capacity generally has an effect on two things: ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK A bimetal breaker responds in an inverse time manner. As the current passes, it bends the bimetal breaker and makes the circuit trip (seeFigure 23).
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The 3-phase induction motor is over 100 years old and obviously many design changes and variations have appeared over the years. However certain fundamental characteristics remain the same and it is the problems that these inherent features cause that electronic soft startaims to solve.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The slip ring motors usually have “Phase-Wound” rotor. This type of rotor is provided with a 3-phase, double-layer, distributed winding consisting of coils used in alternators. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK We are able to supply copper wire with dia. 0.5mm; 0.1mm; 1mm and 2mm as per sample (it means-with out insulation = 100% copper) continuousl ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK • Impeller or rotor – A series of radial blades are attached to a hub. The assembly of the hub and blades is called impeller or rotor. As the impeller rotates, it creates a ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK It has been documented that some electric motors fail in inverter applications. This has often been attributed to inverter voltage “spikes.” While this is relatively correct, it misses some important aspects to the mode of failure. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 3. What efficiency values should I use when comparing motors? When comparing motor efficiencies, be sure to use a consistent measure ofefficiency.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK For a variety of applications, using current transformers is an efficient way to sense current with minimum insertion loss. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The block diagram shows that DTC has two fundamental sections: the Torque Control Loop and the Speed Control Loop. Now we will walk around the blocks exploring each stage and showing how they integratetogether.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The rated secondary current is commonly 5A or 1A, though lower currents such as 0.5A are not uncommon. It flows in the rated secondary load, usually called the burden, when the rated primary current flows in the primary winding. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Figure 2. Drive Output Waveform Components The speed at which power devices switch on and off is the carrier frequency, also known as theswitch frequency.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK CHF100A series high performance universal inverter is the enhanced edition of CHF series, which is combined the advantage of CHF100 & CHE100. It adopts the DSP control system supplies sensorless vector control and V/f control. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Gate Driver Circuits for IGBT Power Switches Three types driver circuits, the discrete transistor circuit (Figure 5), gate driver optocoupler (Figure 6) and gate driver transformer (Figure 7) can be used to drive the power switches in induction cooker application. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Let's take a brief look at a drive application. In Fig. 1, you can see a simple application with a fixed speed fan using a motor starter. You could replace the 3-phase motor starter with Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to operate the fan at variable speed. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Drawbacks: • Reduced motor reliability • Regular maintenance • Motor costly to purchase • Needs encoder for feedback . The main drawback of this technique is the reduced reliability of the DC motor; the fact that brushes and commutators wear down and need regular servicing; that DC motors can be costly to purchase; and that they require encoders for speed and position feedback. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 3. What efficiency values should I use when comparing motors? When comparing motor efficiencies, be sure to use a consistent measure ofefficiency.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 8. Case Studies Blower for an Industrial Application The operation of a centrifugal fan by damper control is energy inefficient as part of the energy supplied to the fan is lost across damper. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is because the AC servo's speed control range is 1:1000 to 5000, and its speed fluctuation ratio is 0.01% or less, and also because AC servo motors can rotate with constant output torque, which is a feature not provided by other speed-variable motors. 3) Frequent positioning operation AC servo system can provide up to 300% of therated
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The rated secondary current is commonly 5A or 1A, though lower currents such as 0.5A are not uncommon. It flows in the rated secondary load, usually called the burden, when the rated primary current flows in the primary winding. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK For a variety of applications, using current transformers is an efficient way to sense current with minimum insertion loss. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This then allows the motor to operate near its optimal torque per amp or maximum efficiency point for a given load and speed. As long as the motor flux is maintained constant while the frequency and voltage are varied, the basic "shape" of the speed torque curve will remainunchanged.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Spot Radiometer (Infrared Thermometer) – Although not generally thought of in the world of thermography, IR thermometers use the same basic principles as higher end equipment to define an object’s temperature based on IR emissions. These devices do not provide any image representative of an object’s thermal profile, but rather a value representative of the temperature of the object or ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK •The main advantage of slip ring induction motor is that its speed can be controlled easily. •"Pull-out torque" can be achieved evenfrom zero r.p.m
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Making solar panels is a delicate process, and it is for this reason that major solar advances did not come into play until the lattermost quarter of the last century, when advances in semiconductors and photovoltaic design allowed increasingly efficient and affordable solar cells to be developed. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Anonymous said Most of external rotor motors are UL certificate,CE certificate.CCC certificate,ROHS certificate. For example,The lion ball axial fans with lion ball external rotor motor are widely suitable for condensing units for air-conditioning and refrigeration,evaporators. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Repetition Repeated actions such as friction or separation will increase the level of charge found on a material. For example a plastic web moving over a series of Teflon rollers will increase its surface charge after every roller. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Mechanical considerations include mechanical resonance and driven load incompatibility. Mechanical resonance can be defined as the speed of the driven load that matches its natural frequency. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 2) Machinery that needs a wide speed control range AC servo system can be used for applications that need highly accurate speed-variable control, such as production line control. This is because the AC servo's speed control range is 1:1000 to 5000, and its speed fluctuation ratio is 0.01% or less, and also because AC servo motors can rotate with constant output torque, which is a feature not ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The rated secondary current is commonly 5A or 1A, though lower currents such as 0.5A are not uncommon. It flows in the rated secondary load, usually called the burden, when the rated primary current flows in the primary winding. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK For a variety of applications, using current transformers is an efficient way to sense current with minimum insertion loss. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This then allows the motor to operate near its optimal torque per amp or maximum efficiency point for a given load and speed. As long as the motor flux is maintained constant while the frequency and voltage are varied, the basic "shape" of the speed torque curve will remainunchanged.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK •The main advantage of slip ring induction motor is that its speed can be controlled easily. •"Pull-out torque" can be achieved evenfrom zero r.p.m
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Spot Radiometer (Infrared Thermometer) – Although not generally thought of in the world of thermography, IR thermometers use the same basic principles as higher end equipment to define an object’s temperature based on IR emissions. These devices do not provide any image representative of an object’s thermal profile, but rather a value representative of the temperature of the object or ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Making solar panels is a delicate process, and it is for this reason that major solar advances did not come into play until the lattermost quarter of the last century, when advances in semiconductors and photovoltaic design allowed increasingly efficient and affordable solar cells to be developed. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Anonymous said Most of external rotor motors are UL certificate,CE certificate.CCC certificate,ROHS certificate. For example,The lion ball axial fans with lion ball external rotor motor are widely suitable for condensing units for air-conditioning and refrigeration,evaporators. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Repetition Repeated actions such as friction or separation will increase the level of charge found on a material. For example a plastic web moving over a series of Teflon rollers will increase its surface charge after every roller. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Mechanical considerations include mechanical resonance and driven load incompatibility. Mechanical resonance can be defined as the speed of the driven load that matches its natural frequency. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The bus-bars are designed to carry certain rated normal current continuously within the permissible rise in temperature. The value of cross-section so obtained is verified for temperature rise under short time short-circuit current. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Making solar panels is a delicate process, and it is for this reason that major solar advances did not come into play until the lattermost quarter of the last century, when advances in semiconductors and photovoltaic design allowed increasingly efficient and affordable solar cells to be developed. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Value of Generated Voltage The EMF at any instant of time is proportional to the number of turns in the coil times rate of change of flux. The C.G.S. (centimeter gram second) unit of EMF known as the abvolt is defined as that value induced, in a coil of one turn, when the flux linking with the coil is changing at the rate of one line or Maxwell per second; or as that value induced when ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Preferred primary and secondary current ratings , classes, burdens and accuracy limit factors are defined in BS3938 and other comparable national standards, together with other minimum performance requirements, physical construction requirements,etc.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Anonymous said Most of external rotor motors are UL certificate,CE certificate.CCC certificate,ROHS certificate. For example,The lion ball axial fans with lion ball external rotor motor are widely suitable for condensing units for air-conditioning and refrigeration,evaporators. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK In a generator, moving a conductor through a stationary magnetic field generates voltage. If a coil is rotated through a magnetic field as shown in Figure 4, an alternating voltage will be produced. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Lightning, is a form of visible discharge of electricity between rain clouds or between a rain cloud and the earth. The electric discharge is seen in the form of a brilliant arc, sometimes several kilometres long, stretching between the discharge points. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Mechanical considerations include mechanical resonance and driven load incompatibility. Mechanical resonance can be defined as the speed of the driven load that matches its natural frequency. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The insulators are selected by considering mechanical bending load occurring at that instant of peak short circuit current. During short circuit the insulators supporting the bus-bars experience a bending force and unless these insulators have enough cantilever strength to withstand the dynamic force occurring during short circuits they willfail.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This section is dedicated to describing trouble shooting procedures for the weighing portion of the scale. It does not attempt to addressfailures of
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is because the AC servo's speed control range is 1:1000 to 5000, and its speed fluctuation ratio is 0.01% or less, and also because AC servo motors can rotate with constant output torque, which is a feature not provided by other speed-variable motors. 3) Frequent positioning operation AC servo system can provide up to 300% of therated
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The following is a description of the function that these individual adjustments serve and their typical use. MINIMUM SPEED. In most cases when the control is initially installed the speed potentiometer can be turned down to its lowest point and the output voltage from the control will go to zero causing the motor to stop. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK • Impeller or rotor – A series of radial blades are attached to a hub. The assembly of the hub and blades is called impeller or rotor. As the impeller rotates, it creates a ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK A bimetal breaker responds in an inverse time manner. As the current passes, it bends the bimetal breaker and makes the circuit trip (seeFigure 23).
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is the maximum amount of weight that is intended to be put on the scale, generally limited by the scale design. Specifying the capacity generally has an effect on two things: ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Drawbacks: • Reduced motor reliability • Regular maintenance • Motor costly to purchase • Needs encoder for feedback . The main drawback of this technique is the reduced reliability of the DC motor; the fact that brushes and commutators wear down and need regular servicing; that DC motors can be costly to purchase; and that they require encoders for speed and position feedback. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Repetition Repeated actions such as friction or separation will increase the level of charge found on a material. For example a plastic web moving over a series of Teflon rollers will increase its surface charge after every roller. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Operation What is the difference between DTC and traditional PWM methods? • Frequency Control PWM and Flux Vector PWM Traditional PWM drives use output voltage and output frequency as the primary control variables but these need to be pulse width ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 3. What efficiency values should I use when comparing motors? When comparing motor efficiencies, be sure to use a consistent measure ofefficiency.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Later stages of sleeve bearing wear will give a large family of harmonics of running speed A minor unbalance or misalignment willcause hig
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is because the AC servo's speed control range is 1:1000 to 5000, and its speed fluctuation ratio is 0.01% or less, and also because AC servo motors can rotate with constant output torque, which is a feature not provided by other speed-variable motors. 3) Frequent positioning operation AC servo system can provide up to 300% of therated
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The following is a description of the function that these individual adjustments serve and their typical use. MINIMUM SPEED. In most cases when the control is initially installed the speed potentiometer can be turned down to its lowest point and the output voltage from the control will go to zero causing the motor to stop. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK • Impeller or rotor – A series of radial blades are attached to a hub. The assembly of the hub and blades is called impeller or rotor. As the impeller rotates, it creates a ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK A bimetal breaker responds in an inverse time manner. As the current passes, it bends the bimetal breaker and makes the circuit trip (seeFigure 23).
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is the maximum amount of weight that is intended to be put on the scale, generally limited by the scale design. Specifying the capacity generally has an effect on two things: ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Drawbacks: • Reduced motor reliability • Regular maintenance • Motor costly to purchase • Needs encoder for feedback . The main drawback of this technique is the reduced reliability of the DC motor; the fact that brushes and commutators wear down and need regular servicing; that DC motors can be costly to purchase; and that they require encoders for speed and position feedback. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Repetition Repeated actions such as friction or separation will increase the level of charge found on a material. For example a plastic web moving over a series of Teflon rollers will increase its surface charge after every roller. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Operation What is the difference between DTC and traditional PWM methods? • Frequency Control PWM and Flux Vector PWM Traditional PWM drives use output voltage and output frequency as the primary control variables but these need to be pulse width ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 3. What efficiency values should I use when comparing motors? When comparing motor efficiencies, be sure to use a consistent measure ofefficiency.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Later stages of sleeve bearing wear will give a large family of harmonics of running speed A minor unbalance or misalignment willcause hig
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Greasing Procedure Following is the standard procedure for greasing ball bearings: Wipe grease from the pressure fitting, clean dirt, deb ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) > 5% bisa membuat capacitor meledak. Yang menyebabkan harmonic tinggi adalah beban non linear, seperti rectifier, ups, batetry charge, inverter, lampu hemat energi, arcfurnaces dsb.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK GX Developer. We can use GX Developer software for online with Mitsubishi PLC, like as A-Series, FX-Series, Q-Series. This program can simulate our program. For example, if we make a new program, before download to PLC, we can check it first with ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Crescendo Teknik sudah berpengalaman dalam pembuatan, instalasi, troubleshooting dan proses otomatisasi semua peralatan electrical. Kami siap membantu anda dalam desain, instalasi/pemasangan dan commisioning, sampai peralatan/mesin anda berjalan sesuai yang anda inginkan. - Troubleshooting mesin. - Desain elektrikal, pemasangan dancommisioning
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Kehidupan modern salah satu cirinya adalah pemakaian energi listrik yang besar. Besarnya energi atau beban listrik yang dipakai ditentukan oleh reaktansi (R), induktansi (L) dan capasitansi (C). ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is because the AC servo's speed control range is 1:1000 to 5000, and its speed fluctuation ratio is 0.01% or less, and also because AC servo motors can rotate with constant output torque, which is a feature not provided by other speed-variable motors. 3) Frequent positioning operation AC servo system can provide up to 300% of therated
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The following is a description of the function that these individual adjustments serve and their typical use. MINIMUM SPEED. In most cases when the control is initially installed the speed potentiometer can be turned down to its lowest point and the output voltage from the control will go to zero causing the motor to stop. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK • Impeller or rotor – A series of radial blades are attached to a hub. The assembly of the hub and blades is called impeller or rotor. As the impeller rotates, it creates a ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK A bimetal breaker responds in an inverse time manner. As the current passes, it bends the bimetal breaker and makes the circuit trip (seeFigure 23).
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is the maximum amount of weight that is intended to be put on the scale, generally limited by the scale design. Specifying the capacity generally has an effect on two things: ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Drawbacks: • Reduced motor reliability • Regular maintenance • Motor costly to purchase • Needs encoder for feedback . The main drawback of this technique is the reduced reliability of the DC motor; the fact that brushes and commutators wear down and need regular servicing; that DC motors can be costly to purchase; and that they require encoders for speed and position feedback. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Repetition Repeated actions such as friction or separation will increase the level of charge found on a material. For example a plastic web moving over a series of Teflon rollers will increase its surface charge after every roller. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Operation What is the difference between DTC and traditional PWM methods? • Frequency Control PWM and Flux Vector PWM Traditional PWM drives use output voltage and output frequency as the primary control variables but these need to be pulse width ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 3. What efficiency values should I use when comparing motors? When comparing motor efficiencies, be sure to use a consistent measure ofefficiency.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Later stages of sleeve bearing wear will give a large family of harmonics of running speed A minor unbalance or misalignment willcause hig
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is because the AC servo's speed control range is 1:1000 to 5000, and its speed fluctuation ratio is 0.01% or less, and also because AC servo motors can rotate with constant output torque, which is a feature not provided by other speed-variable motors. 3) Frequent positioning operation AC servo system can provide up to 300% of therated
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK The following is a description of the function that these individual adjustments serve and their typical use. MINIMUM SPEED. In most cases when the control is initially installed the speed potentiometer can be turned down to its lowest point and the output voltage from the control will go to zero causing the motor to stop. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK • Impeller or rotor – A series of radial blades are attached to a hub. The assembly of the hub and blades is called impeller or rotor. As the impeller rotates, it creates a ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK A bimetal breaker responds in an inverse time manner. As the current passes, it bends the bimetal breaker and makes the circuit trip (seeFigure 23).
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK This is the maximum amount of weight that is intended to be put on the scale, generally limited by the scale design. Specifying the capacity generally has an effect on two things: ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Drawbacks: • Reduced motor reliability • Regular maintenance • Motor costly to purchase • Needs encoder for feedback . The main drawback of this technique is the reduced reliability of the DC motor; the fact that brushes and commutators wear down and need regular servicing; that DC motors can be costly to purchase; and that they require encoders for speed and position feedback. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Repetition Repeated actions such as friction or separation will increase the level of charge found on a material. For example a plastic web moving over a series of Teflon rollers will increase its surface charge after every roller. ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Operation What is the difference between DTC and traditional PWM methods? • Frequency Control PWM and Flux Vector PWM Traditional PWM drives use output voltage and output frequency as the primary control variables but these need to be pulse width ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK 3. What efficiency values should I use when comparing motors? When comparing motor efficiencies, be sure to use a consistent measure ofefficiency.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Later stages of sleeve bearing wear will give a large family of harmonics of running speed A minor unbalance or misalignment willcause hig
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Greasing Procedure Following is the standard procedure for greasing ball bearings: Wipe grease from the pressure fitting, clean dirt, deb ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) > 5% bisa membuat capacitor meledak. Yang menyebabkan harmonic tinggi adalah beban non linear, seperti rectifier, ups, batetry charge, inverter, lampu hemat energi, arcfurnaces dsb.
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK GX Developer. We can use GX Developer software for online with Mitsubishi PLC, like as A-Series, FX-Series, Q-Series. This program can simulate our program. For example, if we make a new program, before download to PLC, we can check it first with ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Crescendo Teknik sudah berpengalaman dalam pembuatan, instalasi, troubleshooting dan proses otomatisasi semua peralatan electrical. Kami siap membantu anda dalam desain, instalasi/pemasangan dan commisioning, sampai peralatan/mesin anda berjalan sesuai yang anda inginkan. - Troubleshooting mesin. - Desain elektrikal, pemasangan dancommisioning
ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK Kehidupan modern salah satu cirinya adalah pemakaian energi listrik yang besar. Besarnya energi atau beban listrik yang dipakai ditentukan oleh reaktansi (R), induktansi (L) dan capasitansi (C). skip to main | skip to sidebar ANEKA TEKNIK LISTRIK - ELECTRICAL, BY ATC AUTOMATION SATURDAY, APRIL 14, 2012 APPLICATION EXAMPLES OF AC SERVO In addition to the characteristics explained in the previous section, using a servo motor with a servo amplifier realizes the positioning control which is not provided by other speed variators. The following shows application examples of a servo motor, based on the servo-specific positioning control and the characteristics. 1) MACHINERY THAT NEEDS POSITIONING CONTROL When used with a controller that is exclusively used for positioning control, AC servo system becomes capable of providing highly accurate positioning. For example, in general Mitsubishi AC servo system, the motor shaft can be divided into 4000 to 262144 for positioning purposes. This is enough to provide positioning control of 1 m, if the motor is driving a machine of 24 to 8m/min. 2) MACHINERY THAT NEEDS A WIDE SPEED CONTROL RANGE AC servo system can be used for applications that need highly accurate speed-variable control, such as production line control. This is because the AC servo's speed control range is 1:1000 to 5000, and its speed fluctuation ratio is 0.01% or less, and also because AC servo motors can rotate with constant output torque, which is a feature not provided by other speed-variable motors. 3) FREQUENT POSITIONING OPERATION AC servo system can provide up to 300% of the rated torque, allowing rapid acceleration and deceleration. More precisely, with a motor alone, AC servo system takes just several 10ms to accelerate the speed from 0 to the rated speed. Also, it can respond to more than 100 times of positioning commands in one minute. For positioning control, refer to (1). Having no mechanical contacts is another advantage of AC servo system compared to other positioning systems (e.g. clutches, brakes, DC motors). With no mechanical contacts, the maintenance is not required and the operation is not affected by ambient temperature as much as the other positioning systems. 4) TORQUE CONTROL There are models that feature torque control in addition to speed and position controls. Such models can be used for tension control purposes (e.g. winding and unwinding machines).READ MORE...
at 7:33 PM
0 comments
Labels: Servo
WHAT IS AC SERVO SYSTEM? A servo mechanism is a system where first a controller gives a unit a target value (e.g. value that represents position or speed), secondly the unit that received the target value detects the current value (e.g. value that represents position or speed), and then these two values are compared to make their difference as small as possible. JIS defines a servo mechanism as "A control system where the position and direction of objects are treated as controlled variables that follow changes in the target." A servo mechanism consists of three elements, called servo elements, which are drive amplifiers (AC servo amplifiers), drive motors (AC servo motors) and encoders. FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF AC SERVO SYSTEM One of the features of servo motors is that they provide higher performance than general motors in inertia moment (referred to as J or GD2) of the rotator and electrical response level. This is because servo motors must respond to changes in voltage and current, which are applied by a servo amplifier, more quickly and accurately than general motors. For the same reason, servo amplifiers, which are used to drive servo motors, are designed so that they can give servo motors speed/position commands quickly and accurately. Focusing on the above, the following explains main characteristics provided by servo motors when used with a servo amplifier. This explanation is made in comparison with a motor that is driven by a general-purpose inverter, which is a commonly used speed variator.READ MORE...
at 7:29 PM
0 comments
Labels: Servo
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2011 EXPLORING CURRENT TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS (PART 2) When choosing the burden resistor, the engineer can create any output voltage per amp, as long as it doesn't saturate the core. Core saturation level is an important consideration when specifying current transformers. The maximum volt-microsecond product specifies what the core can handle without saturating. The burden resistor is one of the factors controlling the output voltage. There's a limit to the amount of voltage that can be achieved at a given frequency. Since frequency = 1/cycle period, if the frequency is too low (cycle period too long) so that voltage-time product exceeds the core's flux capacity, saturation will occur. The flux that exists in a core is proportional to the voltage times cycle period. Most specifications provide a maximum volt-microsecond product that the current transformer can provide across the burden resistor. Exceeding this voltage with too large a burden resistor will saturate the transformer and limit thevoltage.
What happens if the burden resistor is left off or opens during operation? The output voltage will rise trying to develop current until it reaches the saturation voltage of the coil at that frequency. At that point, the voltage will cease to rise and the transformer will add no additional impedance to the driving current. Therefore, without a burden resistor, the output voltage of a current transformer will be its saturation voltage at the operating frequency. There are factors in the current transformer that affect efficiency. For complete accuracy, the output current must be the input current divided by the turns ratio. Unfortunately, not all the current is transferred. Some of the current isn't transformed to the secondary, but is instead shunted by the inductance of the transformer and the core loss resistance. Generally, it's the inductance of the transformer that contributes the majority of the current shunting that detracts from the output current. This is why it's important to use a high-permeability core to achieve the maximum inductance and minimize the inductance current. Accurate turns ratio must be maintained to produce the expected secondary current and the expected accuracy. Fig. 2 shows the current transformed is smaller than the input current by: ITRANSFORMED=IINPUT-ICORE-jIMAG (1) What about the effect the transformer will have on the current it's monitoring? This is where the term burden enters the picture. Any measuring device alters the circuit in which it measures. For instance, connecting a voltmeter to a circuit causes the voltage to change from what it was before the meter was attached. However minuscule this effect may or may not be, the voltage you read isn't the voltage that existed before attaching the meter. This is also true with a current transformer. The burden resistor on the secondary is reflected to the primary by (1/N2), which provides a resistance in series with the current on the primary. This usually has minimal effect and is usually only important when you are concerned about the current that would exist when the transformer isn't in the circuit, such as when it's used as a temporary measuring device. Notice the four loss components in the circuit of Fig. 2. The resistance of the primary loop (PRIDCR), the core loss resistance (RCORE), the secondary DCR (RDCR) is reduced by 1/N2, and the secondary burden resistor RBURDEN is also reduced by a factor of N2. These are losses that affect current source (I). The resistances have an indirect effect on the current transformer accuracy. It's their effect on the circuit that they are monitoring that alters its current. The primary dc resistance (PRIdcr) and the secondary DCR/N2 (RDCR/N2) don't detract from the Iinput that is read or is affecting the accuracy of the actual current reading. Rather, they alter the current from what it would be if the current transformer weren't in the circuit. With the exception of the burden resistor, these loss resistors are the components that contribute to the loss in the transformer and heating. This wasted energy is usually small compared with the power in the circuit it's monitoring. Usually, the design of the transformer and choice of the burden resistor will be within the maximum energy loss the end user can allow. As battery-operated devices come into wider use and power consumption contributes to the energy crisis — even this power may be of concern. Under these circumstances, it may require special design attention to power consumption. Current transformers are an efficient way to measure current. Since the burden resistor is reflected to the primary by 1/N2, the resistance seen in the circuit being monitored can be very small. This allows a larger voltage to be created on the output with minimal effect on the circuit being measured. A simpler and lower-cost method to measure current is to use a sense resistor connected in series with the current. However, this method can only be used when power consumption is of secondary concern. With the more frequent use of battery-powered devices and the prevailing need to reduce power consumption, the extra expense of a current transformer can soon be recovered with use. Also, with high current or when a voltage of any magnitude is required, a sense resistor would be impractical.READ MORE...
at 11:10 PM
0 comments
Labels: CT
EXPLORING CURRENT TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS (PART 1) For a variety of applications, using current transformers is an efficient way to sense current with minimum insertion loss. Current transformers can perform circuit control, measure current for power measurement and control, and perform roles for safety protection and current limiting. They can also cause circuit events to occur when the monitored current reaches a specified level. Current monitoring is necessary at frequencies from the 50 Hz/60 Hz power line to the higher frequencies of switchmode transformers that range into the hundreds ofkilohertz.
The object with current transformers is to think in terms of current transformation rather than voltage ratios. Current ratios are the inverse of voltage ratios. The thing to remember about transformers is that Pout = (Pin — transformer power losses). With this in mind, let's assume we had an ideal loss-less transformer in which Pout = Pin. Since power is voltage times current, this product must be the same on the output as it is on the input. This implies that a 1:10 step-up transformer with the voltage stepped up by a factor of 10 results in an output current reduced by a factor of 10. This is what happens on a current transformer. If a transformer had a one-turn primary and a ten-turn secondary, each amp in the primary results in 0.1A in the secondary, or a 10:1 current ratio. It's exactly the inverse of the voltage ratio — preserving volt times currentproduct.
How can we use this transformer and knowledge to produce something useful? Normally, an engineer wants to produce an output on the secondary proportional to the primary current. Quite often, this output is in volts output per amp of primary current. The device that monitors this output voltage can be calibrated to produce the desired results when the voltage reaches a specified level. A burden resistor connected across the secondary produces an output voltage proportional to the resistor value, based on the amount of current flowing through it. With our 1:10 turns ratio transformer that produces a 10:1 current ratio, a burden resistor can be selected to produce the voltage we want. If 1A on the primary produces 0.1A on the secondary, then by Ohm's law, 0.1 times the burden resistor will result in an output voltage per amp. Many voltage transformers have adjusted ratios that produce the desired output voltage and compensate for losses. The turns-ratios or actual turns aren't the primary concern of the end-user. Only the voltage output and possibly regulation and other loss parameters may be of concern. With current transformers, the user must know the current ratio to use the transformer. The knowledge of amps in per amps out is the basis for use of the current transformer. Quite often, the end users provide the primary with a wire through the center of the transformer. They must know what secondary turns are to determine what their output current will be. Generally, in catalogues, the turns of the transformers are provided as a specification for use. With this knowledge, the user can choose the burden resistor to produce their desired output voltage. The output current of 0.1A for a 1A primary on the 1:10 turns ratio transformer will produce 0.1 V/A across a 1Ω burden resistor, 1V per amp across a 10Ω burden and 10V per amp across a 100Ω burden resistor. Fig. 1 shows an ideal transformation ratio. In this analysis, the secondary dc resistance (RDCR) doesn't become part of the calculation. When considering the secondary current, only the actual current affects V. How well that current can be determined controls the accuracy of the prediction of V. The secondary dc resistance is best analyzed by reflecting it to the primary by RDCR/N2.READ MORE...
at 11:06 PM
0 comments
Labels: CT
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 2011 CURRENT TRANFORMERS (PART-3 FINISH)NOTE:
GENERAL
CTs should be specified as follows: RATIO: input / output current ratio VA: total burden including pilot wires. CLASS: Accuracy required for operation DIMENSIONS: maximum & minimum limits METERING CTS In general, the following applies: _CLASS_ • 0.1 or 0.2 for precision measurements • 0.5 for high grade kilowatt hour meters for commercial grade kilowatt hour meters • 3 for general industrial measurements • 3 or 5 for approximate measurements _BURDEN (DEPENDING ON PILOT LEAD LENGTH)_ • Moving iron ammeter1-2VA
• Moving coil rectifier ammeter 1-2.5VA • Electrodynamic instrument 2.5-5VA • Maximum demand ammeter 3-6VA • Recording ammeter or transducer 1-2.5VA PROTECTION CTS In addition to the general specification required for CT design, protection CT’s require an Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF). This is the multiple of rated current up to which the CT will operate while complying with the accuracy class requirements. In general the following applies: • Instantaneous overcurrent relays & trip coils - 2.5VA Class 10P5 • Thermal inverse time relays - 7.5VA Class 10P10 • Low consumption Relay - 2.5VA Class 10P10 • Inverse definite min. time relays (IDMT) overcurrent - 15VA Class10P10/15
• IDMT Earth fault relays with approximate time grading - 15VA Class10P10
• IDMT Earth fault relays with phase fault stability or accurate time grading required - 15VA Class 5P10 CLASS X CTS Class X CTs are special CTs used mainly in balanced protection systems (including restricted earth fault) where the system is sensitively dependent on CT accuracy. Further to the general CT specifications, the manufacturer needs to know: • Vkp - Voltage knee point • Io - Maximum magnetising current at Vkp • Rs - Maximum resistance of the secondary windingREAD MORE...
at 8:36 PM
0 comments
Labels: CT
Older Posts
Home
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)SPONSORS:
free hit counter
Feedjit Live Blog Statsflag counter
FOLLOW BY EMAIL
SEARCH HERE:
TRANSLATE TO :
Select LanguageEnglishArabicChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)DutchFilipinoFrenchGermanItalianJapaneseKoreanMalayPortugueseRussianSpanishSwedishThaiVietnamesePoweredby Translate
OFFICIAL WEBSITE
CV. Crescendo Tama
www.crestama.com
info@crestama.com
Name:*
Email:*
Tel / HP:
Subject:*
Message:*
Verification No.:*
OUR SERVICES :
- Machine troubleshooting - Automation, mechanical, instrumentation, electrical design, installation & commisioning - Machine design, machine installation/relocation - PLC software, programming, installation & commisioning - Instruction manual, troubleshooting guide, technical guide etc - Panel maker (distribution, control desk, capacitor bank, PLC, starter unit, inverter unit etc) - Inverter design, installation & commisioning- Motor
- Energy saving solutions- Etc
LABELS
* About Us
(2)
* AC Drive
(47)
* AMF (1)
* ATS (1)
* Bus Bar
(3)
* Cable (2)
* Capacitor
(8)
* Carbon Brush
(3)
* Common (1)
* CT (6)
* DC Drive
(20)
* Digital Proface
(1)
* Drive ABB
(7)
* Drive Reliance
(2)
* Drive Toshiba
(2)
* Energy Saving
(32)
* Equipment
(1)
* General
(2)
* Grease (6)
* Ground (2)
* Harmonics
(2)
* Induction Heating
(18)
* Inverter
(13)
* Knowledges
(72)
* Listrik
(4)
* Load Cell
(6)
* Management
(6)
* Motor (74)
* Motor Analysis
(16)
* My Jobs
(2)
* PLC (32)
* PLC Mitsubishi
(2)
* PLC Siemens
(3)
* PLC Toshiba
(5)
* Pump (1)
* Safety (1)
* Scada-HMI-MMI
(2)
* Semiconductor
(17)
* Servo (2)
* Shop (1)
* Signature/Vibration Analysis(11)
* Soft Starter
(11)
* Solar Cell
(2)
* Torque (1)
* Transformer
(5)
* Troubleshooting
(2)
CONTACT US IF YOU HAVE PROBLEM OR NEED TO UPGRADE YOUR EQUIPMENT. WE HAVE EXPERIENCE WITH ANY TYPE OF PLC, AC/DC DRIVE, FREQUENCY CONVERTER, MOTORS, HV/MV/LV PANEL, SCADA (HMI) AND ALL OF AUTOMATION SYSTEM, FROM VARIOUS BRANDS : ALLEN BRADLEY, ABB, MITSUBISHI, SIEMENS, TOSHIBA, DIGITAL PROFACE, FOCUS, CONTROL TECHNIQUE, TECO, FACON ETCORIGINAL TEXT
Contribute a better translation -------------------------Details
Copyright © 2024 ArchiveBay.com. All rights reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | DMCA | 2021 | Feedback | Advertising | RSS 2.0