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BOOK OF THE DEAD
The Book of the Dead (known to the Egyptians as “The Book of Coming Forth by Day”) is actually a huge collection of spells. There is no one copy which features all of the spells, but some (for example the Negative confession in Spell 125) were almost always included.Spells were generally written in hieroglyphs or hieratic (cursive hieroglyphs) on a papyrus roll which was placed in the tomb TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years. THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style. GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” Great Pyramid: “Air shafts”. One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have beenISIS AND RA
In the tale of Isis and the snake, Ra is the one who is hurting the people and Isis has to use her cunning to help them, while in the story of the “Eye” Ra initially orders the slaughter but relents and tricks the “Eye” to stop her killing everyone. Thus, although Isis was sometimes linked toSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta).BOOK OF THE DEAD
The Book of the Dead (known to the Egyptians as “The Book of Coming Forth by Day”) is actually a huge collection of spells. There is no one copy which features all of the spells, but some (for example the Negative confession in Spell 125) were almost always included.Spells were generally written in hieroglyphs or hieratic (cursive hieroglyphs) on a papyrus roll which was placed in the tomb TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years. THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style. GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” Great Pyramid: “Air shafts”. One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have beenISIS AND RA
In the tale of Isis and the snake, Ra is the one who is hurting the people and Isis has to use her cunning to help them, while in the story of the “Eye” Ra initially orders the slaughter but relents and tricks the “Eye” to stop her killing everyone. Thus, although Isis was sometimes linked toSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring CLOTHING | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Clothing. Although we now associate fine cotton with Egypt, the ancient Egyptians did not cultivate that crop (although they did trade it with the Romans). Instead, they used linen (mnkht), made from the stem of the flax plant. Cloth was generally woven by women,SOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
HATSHEPSUT’S MORTUARY TEMPLE The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut is one of the most beautiful of all of the temples of Ancient Egypt. It is located at Deir el-Bahri (“the Northern Monastery”), at the head of the valley beneath the peak of the mountain (and natural pyramid) “Dehent” (now known by its Arabic name, el-Qurn – “The Horn”). Hatshepsut’s temple was named “Djeser-djeseru” (“holy of holies”). KHEPRI | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Khepri was soon seen as an aspect of the sun itself, in particular the sun at daybreak – when it “emerged” from the underworld. He was closely associated with Atum (the creator god), Nefertum (literally “young Atum” or “beautiful Atum”) and Ra (who absorbed many of Atum’s attributes). Khepri was the emerging sun, Nefertum was the new born sun, Ra was the sun during the day, and THE JUDGEMENT OF THE DEAD The second form, in which the soul of the deceased is judged worthy or not worthy, first appears in the Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom.The deceased must enter the Hall of Judgement and face Osiris and numerous other deities. Their heart (or occasionally another body part) was weighed to determine whether they were worthy to enter the afterlife as one of the blessed dead.APEP (APOPHIS)
Apep (Aapep, Apepi or Apophis) was the ancient Egyptian spirit of evil, darkness and destruction. As the arch enemy of the sun god, Ra, he was a malevolent force who could never be entirely vanquished.Every night, as the sun travelled though the underworld (or across the sky), his roar would fill the air and he would launch his attack. AMMIT | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE The ancient Egyptian goddess Ammit (also known as Ammut and Ahemait) was the personification of divine retribution. She sat beside the scales of Ma’at ready to devour the souls of those deemed unworthy. Those unfortunate enough to fail the test would suffer the feared second death, and have no chance of the blissful life of the field of reeds, instead roaming restlessly for eternity. TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN (KV 62) The tomb of Tutankhamun was one of the smaller tombs of the Valley of the Kings, as Tutankhamun was a fairly minor king who had a very short reign. The tomb is located in an area not usually associated with royal burials perhaps because it may have originally been intended to be the tomb of his Vizier, Ay. It is suggested that KV 23 or KV 25 ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta).BOOK OF THE DEAD
The Book of the Dead (known to the Egyptians as “The Book of Coming Forth by Day”) is actually a huge collection of spells. There is no one copy which features all of the spells, but some (for example the Negative confession in Spell 125) were almost always included.Spells were generally written in hieroglyphs or hieratic (cursive hieroglyphs) on a papyrus roll which was placed in the tomb TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years. THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style. GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” Great Pyramid: “Air shafts”. One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have beenISIS AND RA
In the tale of Isis and the snake, Ra is the one who is hurting the people and Isis has to use her cunning to help them, while in the story of the “Eye” Ra initially orders the slaughter but relents and tricks the “Eye” to stop her killing everyone. Thus, although Isis was sometimes linked toSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta).BOOK OF THE DEAD
The Book of the Dead (known to the Egyptians as “The Book of Coming Forth by Day”) is actually a huge collection of spells. There is no one copy which features all of the spells, but some (for example the Negative confession in Spell 125) were almost always included.Spells were generally written in hieroglyphs or hieratic (cursive hieroglyphs) on a papyrus roll which was placed in the tomb TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years. THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style. GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” Great Pyramid: “Air shafts”. One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have beenISIS AND RA
In the tale of Isis and the snake, Ra is the one who is hurting the people and Isis has to use her cunning to help them, while in the story of the “Eye” Ra initially orders the slaughter but relents and tricks the “Eye” to stop her killing everyone. Thus, although Isis was sometimes linked toSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring CLOTHING | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Clothing. Although we now associate fine cotton with Egypt, the ancient Egyptians did not cultivate that crop (although they did trade it with the Romans). Instead, they used linen (mnkht), made from the stem of the flax plant. Cloth was generally woven by women,SOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
HATSHEPSUT’S MORTUARY TEMPLE The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut is one of the most beautiful of all of the temples of Ancient Egypt. It is located at Deir el-Bahri (“the Northern Monastery”), at the head of the valley beneath the peak of the mountain (and natural pyramid) “Dehent” (now known by its Arabic name, el-Qurn – “The Horn”). Hatshepsut’s temple was named “Djeser-djeseru” (“holy of holies”). KHEPRI | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Khepri was soon seen as an aspect of the sun itself, in particular the sun at daybreak – when it “emerged” from the underworld. He was closely associated with Atum (the creator god), Nefertum (literally “young Atum” or “beautiful Atum”) and Ra (who absorbed many of Atum’s attributes). Khepri was the emerging sun, Nefertum was the new born sun, Ra was the sun during the day, and THE JUDGEMENT OF THE DEAD The second form, in which the soul of the deceased is judged worthy or not worthy, first appears in the Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom.The deceased must enter the Hall of Judgement and face Osiris and numerous other deities. Their heart (or occasionally another body part) was weighed to determine whether they were worthy to enter the afterlife as one of the blessed dead.APEP (APOPHIS)
Apep (Aapep, Apepi or Apophis) was the ancient Egyptian spirit of evil, darkness and destruction. As the arch enemy of the sun god, Ra, he was a malevolent force who could never be entirely vanquished.Every night, as the sun travelled though the underworld (or across the sky), his roar would fill the air and he would launch his attack. AMMIT | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE The ancient Egyptian goddess Ammit (also known as Ammut and Ahemait) was the personification of divine retribution. She sat beside the scales of Ma’at ready to devour the souls of those deemed unworthy. Those unfortunate enough to fail the test would suffer the feared second death, and have no chance of the blissful life of the field of reeds, instead roaming restlessly for eternity. TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN (KV 62) The tomb of Tutankhamun was one of the smaller tombs of the Valley of the Kings, as Tutankhamun was a fairly minor king who had a very short reign. The tomb is located in an area not usually associated with royal burials perhaps because it may have originally been intended to be the tomb of his Vizier, Ay. It is suggested that KV 23 or KV 25 BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta). TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years. THE JUDGEMENT OF THE DEAD The second form, in which the soul of the deceased is judged worthy or not worthy, first appears in the Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom.The deceased must enter the Hall of Judgement and face Osiris and numerous other deities. Their heart (or occasionally another body part) was weighed to determine whether they were worthy to enter the afterlife as one of the blessed dead.SOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
THE OPENING OF THE MOUTH The Opening of the Mouth (“wepet-er”) was the most important part of the burial ritual. It transformed the deceased into an akh, the reanimated and effective spirit that was one of the elements of the ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. BES | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Bes (Bisu, Aha) was an ancient Egyptian dwarf god. He was a complex being who was both a deity and a demonic fighter. He was a god of war, yet he was also a patron of childbirth and the home, and was associated with sexuality, humour, music and dancing.ISIS AND RA
In the tale of Isis and the snake, Ra is the one who is hurting the people and Isis has to use her cunning to help them, while in the story of the “Eye” Ra initially orders the slaughter but relents and tricks the “Eye” to stop her killing everyone. Thus, although Isis was sometimes linked to NEFERURE | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Neferure (“The Beauty of Re”) was the only daughter of Hatshepsut and Thuthmosis II of the Eighteenth Dynasty.Her half-brother was Thuthmosis III (son of Thuthmosis II and a lesser wife). When her father died, her mother initially acted as regent for the infant Thuthmosis III but soon named herself as pharaoh.DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta). TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years. THE JUDGEMENT OF THE DEAD The second form, in which the soul of the deceased is judged worthy or not worthy, first appears in the Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom.The deceased must enter the Hall of Judgement and face Osiris and numerous other deities. Their heart (or occasionally another body part) was weighed to determine whether they were worthy to enter the afterlife as one of the blessed dead.SOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
THE OPENING OF THE MOUTH The Opening of the Mouth (“wepet-er”) was the most important part of the burial ritual. It transformed the deceased into an akh, the reanimated and effective spirit that was one of the elements of the ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. BES | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Bes (Bisu, Aha) was an ancient Egyptian dwarf god. He was a complex being who was both a deity and a demonic fighter. He was a god of war, yet he was also a patron of childbirth and the home, and was associated with sexuality, humour, music and dancing.ISIS AND RA
In the tale of Isis and the snake, Ra is the one who is hurting the people and Isis has to use her cunning to help them, while in the story of the “Eye” Ra initially orders the slaughter but relents and tricks the “Eye” to stop her killing everyone. Thus, although Isis was sometimes linked to NEFERURE | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Neferure (“The Beauty of Re”) was the only daughter of Hatshepsut and Thuthmosis II of the Eighteenth Dynasty.Her half-brother was Thuthmosis III (son of Thuthmosis II and a lesser wife). When her father died, her mother initially acted as regent for the infant Thuthmosis III but soon named herself as pharaoh.DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the KYPHI | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Kyphi (Kapet) was one of the most popular types of temple incense in Ancient Egypt and it was also used as a remedy for a number of ailments. The name Kyphi is actually the Latin version of the Greek transcription of the Egyptian word Kapet.NAQADAN CULTURE
Naqada III (also known as “Semainean”) was a short period from 3200 to 3000 BC which is often referred to as the protodynastic period, or Dynasty 0. During this period there is a marked difference between the culture of Upper and Lower Egypt. In Upper Egypt, anestimated thirteen
SOPDET | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE The Sothic Cycle (the periods between the rising of the star) have been used by archaeologists trying to construct a chronology of Ancient Egypt. Sopdet was the wife of Sahu (“the hidden one”), the constellation Orion, and the mother of Sopdu (“skilled man”), a falcon god who represented the planet Venus. This triad echoed thetrio of
AMMIT | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE The ancient Egyptian goddess Ammit (also known as Ammut and Ahemait) was the personification of divine retribution. She sat beside the scales of Ma’at ready to devour the souls of those deemed unworthy. Those unfortunate enough to fail the test would suffer the feared second death, and have no chance of the blissful life of the field of reeds, instead roaming restlessly for eternity.ISIS AND RA
In the tale of Isis and the snake, Ra is the one who is hurting the people and Isis has to use her cunning to help them, while in the story of the “Eye” Ra initially orders the slaughter but relents and tricks the “Eye” to stop her killing everyone. Thus, although Isis was sometimes linked to DJER | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Djer (Hor Djer “Horus who succours”) ruled ancient Egypt during the first dynasty (Early Dynastic Period).Djer was probably Manetho’s “Athothis”. Manetho estimated that Djer’s reign lasted 31 to 39 years, but inscriptions on the Palermo stone suggest that he actually ruled for about 57 years. NEFERURE | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Neferure (“The Beauty of Re”) was the only daughter of Hatshepsut and Thuthmosis II of the Eighteenth Dynasty.Her half-brother was Thuthmosis III (son of Thuthmosis II and a lesser wife). When her father died, her mother initially acted as regent for the infant Thuthmosis III but soon named herself as pharaoh.TJET (TYET)
Tjet (Tyet) The Tjet (Tyet, Tet, Tit, Tat, That, Thet) is also commonly known as the Isis knot, or Isis girdle. Some commentators have argued that the symbol was originally a variant of the Ankh. It has a similar appearance (except its “arms” are bent downwards) and could also have a similar meaning, sometimes being translated as“life”.
SERAPIS | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Serapis personified divine majesty and represented the sun, fertility, healing, and the afterlife. His consort was Isis, the wife of Osiris and the most popular goddess during the Ptolemaic Period. Serapis was depicted as a man with an elaborate Greek hairstyle wearing Greek style robes and a full beard. He often wears a corn modius or sheaf on GREAT PYRAMID: QUEEN’S CHAMBER The so called Queen’s Chamber of the Great Pyramid of Giza received its name from Arab explorers, but scholars now agree that it was not actually intended to be the burial chamber of a queen. You enter through a horizontal passageway from the lower end of the Great Gallery. About five meters from the end of the passage, there is a step, before the passage slopes downward a further sixty ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta). TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years.NAQADAN CULTURE
THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” Great Pyramid: “Air shafts”. One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have beenSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta). TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years.NAQADAN CULTURE
THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” Great Pyramid: “Air shafts”. One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have beenSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurringSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her. OGDOAD OF HERMOPOLIS (KHMUNU) Hermopolis means “the city of Hermes” in Greek. The Greeks gave it that name because it was a major cult centre of the god Thoth whom they associated with their god Hermes, but the Egyptians knew it as Khmunu (“the City of the Eight”).. The Ogdoad was a system of eight deities, four gods and their consorts (the number four was considered to represent completeness). NECKLACES AND COLLARS Necklaces and Collars. The ancient Egyptians adored jewellery and loved to wear a variety of necklaces and collars made from a huge range of materials. Of course, only the wealthy could afford gold, silver, or precious stones, but shells, wood, and bone were more readily available to those on aROYAL EMBLEMS
Royal Emblems. The various royal emblems of the Ancient Egyptians often developed from fairly humble beginnings, but they became a powerful tool for expressing the duties and powers of the pharaoh, both graphically and symbolically. Early versions of these emblems may have appeared crude and simplistic in form, or functional rather than NEITHHOTEP | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Neithhotep (also referred to as Nihotep) was a queen of ancient Egypt at the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, who may also have ruled as a regent.Her name has been found on items discovered in the cemeteries at Helwan (near Memphis), Abydos, and Naqada and in inscriptions at Wadi Ameyra. MIN | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Min. Min (Menew, Menu, Amsu) was an ancient Egyptian god whose worship dates back to the predynastic times. His early images are the oldest examples of large scale statuary found in Egypt so far. He was worshipped by King Scorpion of the Early Dynastic Period and his symbol appears on the El Amrah palette (which is also known as the minpalette).
DJER | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Djer (Hor Djer “Horus who succours”) ruled ancient Egypt during the first dynasty (Early Dynastic Period).Djer was probably Manetho’s “Athothis”. Manetho estimated that Djer’s reign lasted 31 to 39 years, but inscriptions on the Palermo stone suggest that he actually ruled for about 57 years. OSTRACON | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE The word “ostracon” is derived from the Greek “ostrakon” (meaning a piece of pottery used as a voting ballot). When a vote was held on whether to banish a person from society these shards were used to cast votes. This is the origin of the word “ostracism” (literally meaning “to be voted out”). In ancient Egypt ostracon(plural
KHENTKAUS I
Khentkaus I is the owner of a large burial enclosure at Giza which was originally thought to be an unfinished pyramid (designated LG100 and G8400). On the granite doorway to the valley temple of her stepped tomb at Giza there is an image of the queen along with an inscription. She is seated on a throne wearing the vulture diadem and Ureas, along with a short ritual beard and holding in her ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta). TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years.NAQADAN CULTURE
THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” Great Pyramid: “Air shafts”. One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have beenSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta). TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years.NAQADAN CULTURE
THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” Great Pyramid: “Air shafts”. One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have beenSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
Most ancient sources record that Cleopatra died following the bite of an asp which was smuggled into her chambers either in a basket or a vase. This is first mentioned by Strabo who was a contemporary. Plutarch (writing around one hundred and thirty years later) agrees that she died following the ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurringSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu. Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. Her elder sister, Neferuptah, seems to have been groomed for rule before her. OGDOAD OF HERMOPOLIS (KHMUNU) Hermopolis means “the city of Hermes” in Greek. The Greeks gave it that name because it was a major cult centre of the god Thoth whom they associated with their god Hermes, but the Egyptians knew it as Khmunu (“the City of the Eight”).. The Ogdoad was a system of eight deities, four gods and their consorts (the number four was considered to represent completeness). NECKLACES AND COLLARS Necklaces and Collars. The ancient Egyptians adored jewellery and loved to wear a variety of necklaces and collars made from a huge range of materials. Of course, only the wealthy could afford gold, silver, or precious stones, but shells, wood, and bone were more readily available to those on aROYAL EMBLEMS
Royal Emblems. The various royal emblems of the Ancient Egyptians often developed from fairly humble beginnings, but they became a powerful tool for expressing the duties and powers of the pharaoh, both graphically and symbolically. Early versions of these emblems may have appeared crude and simplistic in form, or functional rather than NEITHHOTEP | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Neithhotep (also referred to as Nihotep) was a queen of ancient Egypt at the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, who may also have ruled as a regent.Her name has been found on items discovered in the cemeteries at Helwan (near Memphis), Abydos, and Naqada and in inscriptions at Wadi Ameyra. MIN | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Min. Min (Menew, Menu, Amsu) was an ancient Egyptian god whose worship dates back to the predynastic times. His early images are the oldest examples of large scale statuary found in Egypt so far. He was worshipped by King Scorpion of the Early Dynastic Period and his symbol appears on the El Amrah palette (which is also known as the minpalette).
DJER | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Djer (Hor Djer “Horus who succours”) ruled ancient Egypt during the first dynasty (Early Dynastic Period).Djer was probably Manetho’s “Athothis”. Manetho estimated that Djer’s reign lasted 31 to 39 years, but inscriptions on the Palermo stone suggest that he actually ruled for about 57 years. OSTRACON | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE The word “ostracon” is derived from the Greek “ostrakon” (meaning a piece of pottery used as a voting ballot). When a vote was held on whether to banish a person from society these shards were used to cast votes. This is the origin of the word “ostracism” (literally meaning “to be voted out”). In ancient Egypt ostracon(plural
KHENTKAUS I
Khentkaus I is the owner of a large burial enclosure at Giza which was originally thought to be an unfinished pyramid (designated LG100 and G8400). On the granite doorway to the valley temple of her stepped tomb at Giza there is an image of the queen along with an inscription. She is seated on a throne wearing the vulture diadem and Ureas, along with a short ritual beard and holding in her ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta). TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years.NAQADAN CULTURE
THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have been able to fulfill this function.SOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom.. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
When her fleet surrendered to Octavian’s fleet she assumed the worst and set off for her tomb with her servants Charmion and Eiras, leaving instruction that if anyone asked ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINEHIEROGLYPHSGODS AND GODDESSESHISTORYMONUMENTSLIBRARYSOCIETY Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS The texts of the Book of Two Ways may have originated elsewhere (there is a notable lack of reference to Thoth, the patron god of the area, in most of the spells) but the graphical element is unique to the area and was only used for a few generations.To date, only one example of the composition has been discovered outside Bersha, in the tomb of Khesu the Elder at Kom el-Hisn (Western Delta). TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERA The largest and most impressive building in the Denderah temple complex is the temple of Hathor (often referred to in older texts as the Temple of Tentyra) which is one of the best preserved in all of Egypt and was one of the most important cultic sites of ancient Egypt.. As far as we know, there has been a temple dedicated to Hathor at this site for over four thousand years.NAQADAN CULTURE
THE BUST OF QUEEN NEFERTITI The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is characterised by a shift away from the traditional models, including a rejection of the national god Amun and the construction of a new capital dedicated to the Aten at Akhetaten. This change found expression in the exaggerated and fluid forms of Amarna Art.However, the bust of Nefertiti conforms to the classical Egyptian style.FALSE DOORS
“False doors”, also known as “Ka doors”, as they allowed the Ka (an element of the “soul”) to pass through them, were common in the mortuary temples and tombs of ancient Egypt from around the Third Dynasty and temples of the New Kingdom.The false door was thought to be a threshold between the world of mortals and the world of deitiesand spirits.
GREAT PYRAMID: “AIR SHAFTS” One of the most mysterious features of the Great Pyramid of Giza are the so called “air shafts”. It has been suggested that the shafts were used to ventilate the monument during construction. This would certainly be a problem, but the shafts do not run all the way to the outside and so they may not have been able to fulfill this function.SOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom.. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III.AHMOSE SON OF EBANA
Ahmose, son of Ebana, was an officer in the Egyptian army during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period) and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom).Ebana (or Ibana or Eben) was the name of his mother, who was presumably an important woman as Ahmose chose to refer to her not his father in hisinscription.
DEATH OF CLEOPATRA
When her fleet surrendered to Octavian’s fleet she assumed the worst and set off for her tomb with her servants Charmion and Eiras, leaving instruction that if anyone asked ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt).Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurringSOBEKNEFERU
Sobekneferu (aka Neferusobek “the beauties of Sobek”) was the first attested female pharaoh of Egypt. She was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty, towards the end of the Middle Kingdom.. Sobekneferu was the younger daughter of Amenemhat III. OGDOAD OF HERMOPOLIS (KHMUNU) Hermopolis means “the city of Hermes” in Greek. The Greeks gave it that name because it was a major cult centre of the god Thoth whom they associated with their god Hermes, but the Egyptians knew it as Khmunu (“the City of the Eight”).. The Ogdoad was a system of eight deities, four gods and their consorts (the number four was considered to represent completeness). NECKLACES AND COLLARS The ancient Egyptians adored jewellery and loved to wear a variety of necklaces and collars made from a huge range of materials. Of course, only the wealthy could afford gold, silver, or precious stones, but shells, wood, and bone were more readily available to those on a morerestricted budget.
MIN | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Min continued to be associated with Horus until the Middle Kingdom when he became more closely associated with fertility and the solar aspects of Horus were emphasised. Min was associated with Amun during the New Kingdom, partly because both were linked to the ram and the bull, both of which were seen as a symbols of virility.The composite god Amun-Min was known as Kamutef (“Bull of hisROYAL EMBLEMS
The various royal emblems of the Ancient Egyptians often developed from fairly humble beginnings, but they became a powerful tool for expressing the duties and NEITHHOTEP | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Neithhotep (also referred to as Nihotep) was a queen of ancient Egypt at the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, who may also have ruled as a regent.Her name has been found on items discovered in the cemeteries at Helwan (near Memphis), Abydos, and Naqada and in inscriptions at Wadi Ameyra. DJER | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE Djer (Hor Djer “Horus who succours”) ruled ancient Egypt during the first dynasty (Early Dynastic Period).Djer was probably Manetho’s “Athothis”. Manetho estimated that Djer’s reign lasted 31 to 39 years, but inscriptions on the Palermo stone suggest that he actually ruled for about 57 years. OSTRACON | ANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE The word “ostracon” is derived from the Greek “ostrakon” (meaning a piece of pottery used as a voting ballot). When a vote was held on whether to banish a person from society these shards were usedto
KHENTKAUS I
Khentkaus I is the owner of a large burial enclosure at Giza which was originally thought to be an unfinished pyramid (designated LG100 and G8400). On the granite doorway to the valley temple of her stepped tomb at Giza there is an image of the queen along with an inscription. She is seated on a throne wearing the vulture diadem and Ureas, along with a short ritual beard and holding in her__
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HOME PAGE
Welcome to Ancient Egypt Online; a site dedicated to the culture, language, religion and history of ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians did not call their home “Egypt” (that name is based on the Greek pronunciation of the name of Ptah’s temple in Memphis – “Hwt-ka-Ptah”), instead they referred to it as Kemet (or Kem – the black land) or Ta Mery (the beautiful land). UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT Ancient Egypt was divided into Ta Shemau (Upper Egypt ) and Ta Mehu (Lower Egypt ). Click on the hieroglyphs to view a map of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt. The division between upper and lower Egypt was retained after the unification of the kingdom in the Pre-dynastic Period and the pharaoh was often known as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. This concept of duality is a constantly reoccurring feature of the Egyptian civilisation and was echoed in the pairing of different gods and goddesses to represent upper and lower Egypt.HISTORY
The Egyptian Civilisation survived, in a relativley stable form, for a staggering three and a half thousand years. Find out more about the different periods of ancient Egyptian history and learn about the kings, queens and nobles who shaped this amazing culture on our Ancient Egyptian Timeline .HIEROGLYPHS
The ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic language is both fascinating and beautiful. For many hundreds of years their meaning was lost, but thanks to the hard work of egyptologists hieroglyphs can again be read and enjoyed. Ancient Egypt Online features a full hieroglyphic sign list along with detailed tutorials to teach yourself hieroglyphs , and fun quizzes.
RELIGION
The ancient Egyptians were polytheistic (they had many gods) and their religion was both complex and fascinating. At Ancient Egypt Online you can learn more about Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses and find out more about mystical symbols such as the Ankh and the Eye of Horus . PYRAMIDS, TEMPLES AND TOMBS The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx are perhaps the most famous monuments associated with Ancient Egypt. Yet, numerous other pyramids were constructed during the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom and Egypt also has a wealth of beautiful temples, palaces and tombs. Find out more in our section on Ancient Egyptian Monuments .SOCIETY
Visit our Ancient Egyptian Society pages if you want to learn about burial and mummification or ancient Egyptian warfare. You can also learn about ancient Egyptian clothing , crowns and regalia , and jewelery or find out more about the role of animals inEgyptian society.
MYSTERIES
The Mysteries of Ancient Egypt have inspired people for centuries. Who was the pharaoh of the Exodus? , Was tutankhamun’s tomb cursed? . Can you find the answer to these questions, and many more?LIBRARY
In our Library you can find links to primary sources about Egyptian history. Read the translations of tablets such as the Dream Stele (or sphinx stele) or find out more about Egyptian Literature such as the famous Story of Sinuhe – arguably the world’s first historical novel. copyright J Hill 2008Close X
ABOUT USAncient Egypt Online is written and maintained by Jenny Hill. Jenny received her Certificate in Egyptology from Glasgow University. Contact us: info@ancientegyptonline.co.ukFOLLOW US __ __
Jenny Hill
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