CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that releases enzymes GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Material Properties. There are a variety of terms that can be used to describe a material. Hard - Can scratch or indent, and withstands being scratched. Brittle - Breaks without plastic deformation. Ductile - Can be drawn into a wire. Malleable - Can be reshaped. Elastic -

Returns to

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell Structure. Magnification. Organelle Structure and Function. Organelles Working Together. THE LUNGS | A LEVEL NOTES The Lungs. Most mammalian lungs have the same basic structure.The Trachea (windpipe) leads from the mouth and nose and splits into the Bronchi which in turn split into the Bronchioles which lead to the Alveoli (air sacs) where gaseous exchange occurs.. These form a pair of inflatable structures, the Lungs, supported by the ribs and the Diaphragm which allow the animal to Inspire and Expire.

MECHANICS 1

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THE MAMMALIAN HEART

The Mammalian Heart. The Heart is the organ that controls the circulatory system in mammals (and other animals). It pumps blood around the body.Mammals have a double circulatory system, so the heart must pump blood to the lung and to the rest of body simultaneously.; The Structure of the Heart. On the outside, the heart mainly consists of a dark red muscle.It is attached to four very important

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that releases enzymes GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Material Properties. There are a variety of terms that can be used to describe a material. Hard - Can scratch or indent, and withstands being scratched. Brittle - Breaks without plastic deformation. Ductile - Can be drawn into a wire. Malleable - Can be reshaped. Elastic -

Returns to

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell Structure. Magnification. Organelle Structure and Function. Organelles Working Together. THE LUNGS | A LEVEL NOTES The Lungs. Most mammalian lungs have the same basic structure.The Trachea (windpipe) leads from the mouth and nose and splits into the Bronchi which in turn split into the Bronchioles which lead to the Alveoli (air sacs) where gaseous exchange occurs.. These form a pair of inflatable structures, the Lungs, supported by the ribs and the Diaphragm which allow the animal to Inspire and Expire.

MECHANICS 1

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THE MAMMALIAN HEART

The Mammalian Heart. The Heart is the organ that controls the circulatory system in mammals (and other animals). It pumps blood around the body.Mammals have a double circulatory system, so the heart must pump blood to the lung and to the rest of body simultaneously.; The Structure of the Heart. On the outside, the heart mainly consists of a dark red muscle.It is attached to four very important

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY ALL NOTES | A LEVEL NOTES A handy collection notes to help you study your A Levels. Browse notes for Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Maths. GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES Material Properties. Hooke's Law. Elastic Strain Energy. Young

Modulus.

ALKENES | A LEVEL NOTES Alkenes. Alkenes are a Homologous Series composed of unsaturated Hydrocarbons, since they contain at least one C=C Double Bond.They have a general formula C n H 2n.Since they are unsaturated, they are quite reactive.; Alkenes are named with an ‘ene’ suffix.Often, in naming Alkenes with more than three Carbons, the position of the Double Bond is identified.

CELL SIGNALLING

Cell Signalling. Cells need to interact with their environment and other cells around them. This is called Cell Signalling.Single cellular organisms need to detect nutrients in their environment, and cells in multicellular organisms are involved in a complex system of communication with each other.. Cells detect signals with Cell Receptors on their plasma membrane, which are usually ENZYMES | A LEVEL NOTES Enzymes. Enzymes are Biological Catalysts.They increase the rate of Metabolic reactions.Almost all Biological Reactions involve Enzymes. All enzymes are Globular Proteins with a specific Tertiary Shape.They are usually specific to only one reaction.. The part of the Enzyme that acts a Catalyst is called the Active Site.The rest of the Enzyme is much larger and is involved in maintaining the CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS Cellulose and Amylose can be compared in terms of their structure and function. Both Cellulose and Amylose consist of Polypeptide Chains of Glucose bonded together with Glycosidic Bonds. Both molecules are insoluble in water. However, Cellulose is composed of β Glucose and forms long straight chains, in which every other Glucose monomer

ENZYME INHIBITORS

Enzyme Inhibitors. Enzyme Inhibitors reduce the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction by interfering with the enzyme in some way. This effect may be permanent or temporary.. Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors work by preventing the formation of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes because they have a similar shape to the substrate molecule.. This means that they fit into the Active Site, but remain unreacted FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY Factors affecting Enzyme Activity. The activity of an Enzyme is affected by its environmental conditions.Changing these alter the rate of reaction caused by the enzyme. In nature, organisms adjust the conditions of their enzymes to produce an Optimum rate of reaction, where necessary, or they may have enzymes which are adapted to function well in extreme conditions where they live. CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that releases enzymes

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell Structure. Magnification. Organelle Structure and Function. Organelles Working Together.

CELL MEMBRANES

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Cell Membranes

GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

MECHANICS 1

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1

THE MAMMALIAN HEART

The Mammalian Heart. The Heart is the organ that controls the circulatory system in mammals (and other animals). It pumps blood around the body.Mammals have a double circulatory system, so the heart must pump blood to the lung and to the rest of body simultaneously.; The Structure of the Heart. On the outside, the heart mainly consists of a dark red muscle.It is attached to four very important ENZYMES | A LEVEL NOTES Enzymes. Enzymes are Biological Catalysts.They increase the rate of Metabolic reactions.Almost all Biological Reactions involve Enzymes. All enzymes are Globular Proteins with a specific Tertiary Shape.They are usually specific to only one reaction.. The part of the Enzyme that acts a Catalyst is called the Active Site.The rest of the Enzyme is much larger and is involved in maintaining the

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that releases enzymes

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell Structure. Magnification. Organelle Structure and Function. Organelles Working Together.

CELL MEMBRANES

This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Biology; Cells;

Cell Membranes

GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

MECHANICS 1

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1

THE MAMMALIAN HEART

The Mammalian Heart. The Heart is the organ that controls the circulatory system in mammals (and other animals). It pumps blood around the body.Mammals have a double circulatory system, so the heart must pump blood to the lung and to the rest of body simultaneously.; The Structure of the Heart. On the outside, the heart mainly consists of a dark red muscle.It is attached to four very important ENZYMES | A LEVEL NOTES Enzymes. Enzymes are Biological Catalysts.They increase the rate of Metabolic reactions.Almost all Biological Reactions involve Enzymes. All enzymes are Globular Proteins with a specific Tertiary Shape.They are usually specific to only one reaction.. The part of the Enzyme that acts a Catalyst is called the Active Site.The rest of the Enzyme is much larger and is involved in maintaining the

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES Material Properties. Hooke's Law. Elastic Strain Energy. Young

Modulus.

ALL NOTES | A LEVEL NOTES A handy collection notes to help you study your A Levels. Browse notes for Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Maths.

MECHANICS 1

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1

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. THE LUNGS | A LEVEL NOTES The Lungs. Most mammalian lungs have the same basic structure.The Trachea (windpipe) leads from the mouth and nose and splits into the Bronchi which in turn split into the Bronchioles which lead to the Alveoli (air sacs) where gaseous exchange occurs.. These form a pair of inflatable structures, the Lungs, supported by the ribs and the Diaphragm which allow the animal to Inspire and Expire.

CELL SIGNALLING

Cell Signalling. Cells need to interact with their environment and other cells around them. This is called Cell Signalling.Single cellular organisms need to detect nutrients in their environment, and cells in multicellular organisms are involved in a complex system of communication with each other.. Cells detect signals with Cell Receptors on their plasma membrane, which are usually CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY AND ORGANISATION Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation. Eukaryotic Cellular Division Process. More about Cellular Division. Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS Cellulose and Amylose can be compared in terms of their structure and function. Both Cellulose and Amylose consist of Polypeptide Chains of Glucose bonded together with Glycosidic Bonds. Both molecules are insoluble in water. However, Cellulose is composed of β Glucose and forms long straight chains, in which every other Glucose monomer

ENZYME INHIBITORS

Enzyme Inhibitors. Enzyme Inhibitors reduce the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction by interfering with the enzyme in some way. This effect may be permanent or temporary.. Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors work by preventing the formation of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes because they have a similar shape to the substrate molecule.. This means that they fit into the Active Site, but remain unreacted CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation. Multicellular organisms contain a wide range of different cells. Every cell is specialised to perform its function as best as possible. There are many differences between different cells specialised for different functions. CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY AND ORGANISATION Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation. Eukaryotic Cellular Division Process; More about Cellular Division; Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General

CELL STRUCTURE

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Cell Structure

CELL MEMBRANES

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Cell Membranes

MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics;

Materials

OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. FLUIDS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; Fluids CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation. Multicellular organisms contain a wide range of different cells. Every cell is specialised to perform its function as best as possible. There are many differences between different cells specialised for different functions. CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY AND ORGANISATION Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation. Eukaryotic Cellular Division Process; More about Cellular Division; Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General

CELL STRUCTURE

This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Biology; Cells;

Cell Structure

CELL MEMBRANES

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Cell Membranes

MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics;

Materials

OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. FLUIDS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; Fluids CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute. MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics;

Materials

CELL MEMBRANES

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Cell Membranes

BIOLOGY | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Biology

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Material Properties. There are a variety of terms that can be used to describe a material. Hard - Can scratch or indent, and withstands being scratched; Brittle - Breaks without plastic deformation; Ductile - Can be drawn into a wire; Malleable - Can be reshaped; Elastic - Returns to its original shape after being deformed; Plastic - Does not return to its original shape after being deformed

MECHANICS 1

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1

FLUID FLOW | A LEVEL NOTES Fluid Flow. A Fluid is substance that can flow, like a Liquid or a Gas.The flow of a fluid can be represented by Streamlines, which are ‘fluid elements’ that move relative to each other.. In Laminar Flow, all the fluid elements flow in the same direction, and none of the streamlines cross over.It usually occurs at lower velocities and with streamlined objects. THE LUNGS | A LEVEL NOTES The Lungs. Most mammalian lungs have the same basic structure.The Trachea (windpipe) leads from the mouth and nose and splits into the Bronchi which in turn split into the Bronchioles which lead to the Alveoli (air sacs) where gaseous exchange occurs.. These form a pair of inflatable structures, the Lungs, supported by the ribs and the Diaphragm which allow the animal to Inspire and Expire.

ENZYME INHIBITORS

Enzyme Inhibitors. Enzyme Inhibitors reduce the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction by interfering with the enzyme in some way. This effect may be permanent or temporary.. Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors work by preventing the formation of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes because they have a similar shape to the substrate molecule.. This means that they fit into the Active Site, but remain unreacted CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that releases enzymes BONDING | A LEVEL NOTESSEE MORE ON ALEVELNOTES.COM CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY AND ORGANISATION Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation. Eukaryotic Cellular Division Process. More about Cellular Division. Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation.

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell Structure. Magnification. Organelle Structure and Function. Organelles Working Together. MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES Material Properties. Hooke's Law. Elastic Strain Energy. Young

Modulus.

CELL MEMBRANES

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Cell Membranes

OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. ENZYMES | A LEVEL NOTES Enzymes. Enzymes are Biological Catalysts.They increase the rate of Metabolic reactions.Almost all Biological Reactions involve Enzymes. All enzymes are Globular Proteins with a specific Tertiary Shape.They are usually specific to only one reaction.. The part of the Enzyme that acts a Catalyst is called the Active Site.The rest of the Enzyme is much larger and is involved in maintaining the FLUIDS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; Fluids CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that releases enzymes BONDING | A LEVEL NOTESSEE MORE ON ALEVELNOTES.COM CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY AND ORGANISATION Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation. Eukaryotic Cellular Division Process. More about Cellular Division. Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation.

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell Structure. Magnification. Organelle Structure and Function. Organelles Working Together. MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES Material Properties. Hooke's Law. Elastic Strain Energy. Young

Modulus.

CELL MEMBRANES

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Cell Membranes

OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. ENZYMES | A LEVEL NOTES Enzymes. Enzymes are Biological Catalysts.They increase the rate of Metabolic reactions.Almost all Biological Reactions involve Enzymes. All enzymes are Globular Proteins with a specific Tertiary Shape.They are usually specific to only one reaction.. The part of the Enzyme that acts a Catalyst is called the Active Site.The rest of the Enzyme is much larger and is involved in maintaining the FLUIDS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; Fluids GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General

CELL MEMBRANES

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Cell Membranes

MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES Material Properties. Hooke's Law. Elastic Strain Energy. Young

Modulus.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Material Properties. There are a variety of terms that can be used to describe a material. Hard - Can scratch or indent, and withstands being scratched. Brittle - Breaks without plastic deformation. Ductile - Can be drawn into a wire. Malleable - Can be reshaped. Elastic -

Returns to

MORE ABOUT CELLULAR DIVISION Clones are Genetically Identical Cells or Organisms that are derived from one parent. The offspring of an organism that reproduces Asexually (only one parent) are Clones. Eykaryotic Cells that undergo Mitosis are Clones of the parent cell. It may be that the organism is single-celled, such as an Amoeba, in which case Mitosis is the means

of

MECHANICS 1

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1

FLUID FLOW | A LEVEL NOTES Fluid Flow. A Fluid is substance that can flow, like a Liquid or a Gas.The flow of a fluid can be represented by Streamlines, which are ‘fluid elements’ that move relative to each other.. In Laminar Flow, all the fluid elements flow in the same direction, and none of the streamlines cross over.It usually occurs at lower velocities and with streamlined objects. THE LUNGS | A LEVEL NOTES The Lungs. Most mammalian lungs have the same basic structure.The Trachea (windpipe) leads from the mouth and nose and splits into the Bronchi which in turn split into the Bronchioles which lead to the Alveoli (air sacs) where gaseous exchange occurs.. These form a pair of inflatable structures, the Lungs, supported by the ribs and the Diaphragm which allow the animal to Inspire and Expire. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS Cellulose and Amylose can be compared in terms of their structure and function. Both Cellulose and Amylose consist of Polypeptide Chains of Glucose bonded together with Glycosidic Bonds. Both molecules are insoluble in water. However, Cellulose is composed of β Glucose and forms long straight chains, in which every other Glucose monomer

ENZYME INHIBITORS

Enzyme Inhibitors. Enzyme Inhibitors reduce the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction by interfering with the enzyme in some way. This effect may be permanent or temporary.. Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors work by preventing the formation of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes because they have a similar shape to the substrate molecule.. This means that they fit into the Active Site, but remain unreacted CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that releases enzymes BONDING | A LEVEL NOTESSEE MORE ON ALEVELNOTES.COM CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY AND ORGANISATION Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation. Eukaryotic Cellular Division Process. More about Cellular Division. Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation.

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell Structure. Magnification. Organelle Structure and Function. Organelles Working Together. MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES Material Properties. Hooke's Law. Elastic Strain Energy. Young

Modulus.

CELL MEMBRANES

This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Biology; Cells;

Cell Membranes

OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. ENZYMES | A LEVEL NOTES Enzymes. Enzymes are Biological Catalysts.They increase the rate of Metabolic reactions.Almost all Biological Reactions involve Enzymes. All enzymes are Globular Proteins with a specific Tertiary Shape.They are usually specific to only one reaction.. The part of the Enzyme that acts a Catalyst is called the Active Site.The rest of the Enzyme is much larger and is involved in maintaining the FLUIDS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; Fluids CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISM ORGANISATION Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that releases enzymes BONDING | A LEVEL NOTESSEE MORE ON ALEVELNOTES.COM CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY AND ORGANISATION Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation. Eukaryotic Cellular Division Process. More about Cellular Division. Cell Specialisation and Organism Organisation.

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell Structure. Magnification. Organelle Structure and Function. Organelles Working Together. MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES Material Properties. Hooke's Law. Elastic Strain Energy. Young

Modulus.

CELL MEMBRANES

This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Biology; Cells;

Cell Membranes

OSMOSIS | A LEVEL NOTES Osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a Partially Permeable Membrane.It is a special case of Diffusion in that the concentrations of Solutes in the water can effect how it occurs.. Since water is a Polar molecule, many substances dissolve in it. These dissolved substances are termed Solutes, and water is a Solvent.Water molecules cluster around molecules of a Solute.

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry. When a reaction occurs, it may either give out energy, in the form of heat (exothermic), or take in energy (endothermic).The amount of energy that is given out or taken in can be measured as the Enthalpy Change of a reaction (ΔH).A negative ΔH means an exothermic reaction and conversely a positive ΔH means an endothermic reaction. ENZYMES | A LEVEL NOTES Enzymes. Enzymes are Biological Catalysts.They increase the rate of Metabolic reactions.Almost all Biological Reactions involve Enzymes. All enzymes are Globular Proteins with a specific Tertiary Shape.They are usually specific to only one reaction.. The part of the Enzyme that acts a Catalyst is called the Active Site.The rest of the Enzyme is much larger and is involved in maintaining the FLUIDS | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; Fluids

CELL MEMBRANES

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Cell Membranes

MORE ABOUT CELLULAR DIVISION Clones are Genetically Identical Cells or Organisms that are derived from one parent. The offspring of an organism that reproduces Asexually (only one parent) are Clones. Eykaryotic Cells that undergo Mitosis are Clones of the parent cell. It may be that the organism is single-celled, such as an Amoeba, in which case Mitosis is the means

of

GENERAL | A LEVEL NOTES This website makes use of cookies. Close. All Notes; Physics; General MATERIALS | A LEVEL NOTES Material Properties. Hooke's Law. Elastic Strain Energy. Young

Modulus.

MECHANICS 1

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FLUID FLOW | A LEVEL NOTES Fluid Flow. A Fluid is substance that can flow, like a Liquid or a Gas.The flow of a fluid can be represented by Streamlines, which are ‘fluid elements’ that move relative to each other.. In Laminar Flow, all the fluid elements flow in the same direction, and none of the streamlines cross over.It usually occurs at lower velocities and with streamlined objects.

ENZYME INHIBITORS

Enzyme Inhibitors. Enzyme Inhibitors reduce the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction by interfering with the enzyme in some way. This effect may be permanent or temporary.. Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors work by preventing the formation of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes because they have a similar shape to the substrate molecule.. This means that they fit into the Active Site, but remain unreacted

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Material Properties. There are a variety of terms that can be used to describe a material. Hard - Can scratch or indent, and withstands being scratched. Brittle - Breaks without plastic deformation. Ductile - Can be drawn into a wire. Malleable - Can be reshaped. Elastic -

Returns to

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS Cellulose and Amylose can be compared in terms of their structure and function. Both Cellulose and Amylose consist of Polypeptide Chains of Glucose bonded together with Glycosidic Bonds. Both molecules are insoluble in water. However, Cellulose is composed of β Glucose and forms long straight chains, in which every other Glucose monomer THE LUNGS | A LEVEL NOTES The Lungs. Most mammalian lungs have the same basic structure.The Trachea (windpipe) leads from the mouth and nose and splits into the Bronchi which in turn split into the Bronchioles which lead to the Alveoli (air sacs) where gaseous exchange occurs.. These form a pair of inflatable structures, the Lungs, supported by the ribs and the Diaphragm which allow the animal to Inspire and Expire.

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