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TEXTS, CULTURE AND VALUESIbrahim Shukri
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LITERATURE REVIEW
1 Maria Konnikova’s article explores the characterization or rather mischaracterization of Sherlock Holmes’s in recent ‘Sherlock’ appropriation. Konnikova argues from a background of psychology that Holmes has completely misdiagnosed himself. She collates symptoms of psychopathy with the depiction of Sherlock’s character in the appropriation and finds that there are certain aspects that don’t correspond according to psychological fact to use as evidence in her argument. What she found that Holmes doesn’t display psychopathic manifestations of highly impulsive behavior, aggression and that the features of strong understanding of human emotions, social circle, and capability to express emotional distress that are present in Holmes’s characterization that contradict the indicators of psychopathy. She starts of by considering the basis of his self-diagnosis as a “high-functioning sociopath” establishing her first argument that within the field of psychology and modern clinical literature, there is no distinction between the terms psychopathy and sociopathy invalidation Holmes’s the diagnosis of the latter. She also notes that a psychopath would have the understanding of their condition to make a self diagnosis. Konnikova continues by familiarizing explaining psychologists Robert Hare’s diagnostic tool for psychopathic personality disorder and the four major groups/traits; the interpersonal, the affective, the lifestyle, and the antisocial and from this convention and references to numerous Sherlock Holmes stories she differentiates Holmes’s character. She makes the case that Holmes’s coldness doesn’t relate to a lack in ability to feel emotions but rather to his discipline of deduction which to function requires “training himself to not let emotions cloud his judgement”. Holmes himself confirms this notion in the ‘The Sign of Four’ in his reaction to Mary Morstan saying “ I think she is one of the most charming young ladies I ever met ….. but love is an emotional thing, and whatever is emotional is opposed to that true cold reason which I place above all things.” His coldness self-induced as a method of eliminating bias from his deduction. Konnikova goes on to say that “Holmes’s coldness lacks the related elements of no empathy, no remorse, and failure to take responsibility” referring to ‘The Three Garridebs’ for when he displaces empathy for an injured Watson and to ‘The Empty House’ for when he demonstrates remorse in an apology to Watson. She concludes by stating that Sherlock Holmes isn’t a sociopath or a cold, emotionless machine of deduction in that he cares for people close to him and is certainly aware in conscientiousness. She makes great use referencing to solidify her reasoning as to why the Holmes’s character does or doesn’t embody feature of a sociopath but severely limits the effect by mostly only using examples from stories other than the main focus, the BBC ‘Sherlock’ series, in contradicting the diagnosis. She mention Dr. Robert Hare research but fails to cover some of the other criteria for diagnosing a psychopath: superficial charm, manipulation, and egocentric which are common amongst high-functioning psychopaths. She also fails to acknowledge that high-functioning psychopaths are adept in blending into society. -------------------------LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Anna Neill’s essay ‘THE SAVAGE GENIUS OF SHERLOCK HOLMES’ on the evolution of Sherlock Holmes’s character investigates how Doyle’s stories resist ideas degeneracy in favor of atavism and the more obscure workings of a genius that are evident in Doyle’s works. The savage of the genius indicates a revoking of mental riches stored in the subliminal mind unavailable to the modern conscious and she advocates this notion through an intellectual lens.Neill differentiates between the two ideas arguing that “degeneracy and atavism are two absolutely distinct facts” (p.3) and that the character of Sherlock Holmes fits into the latter. Neill describes degeneracy as a condition that manifest itself in the abnormal features and that contrarily atavism refers to modification of biological structure prompting the reappearance of ancestral talents. She says Doyle’s stories show how the perseverance of a primitive mind alongside its savage capacity for violence proves human evolutionary potential. Neill makes an example of Dr. Watson in “A STUDY IN SCARLET”. Initially Watsons character an injured medical veteran of the Second Afghan War returns to London which he describes as “.. great cesspool” seeming to demonstrate the “feverish restlessness” of degeneracy. Once meeting with Holmes he begins to recover to civility and this sign of degenerative starts to diminish and is overcome by the thinking of a practical-minded Englishman becoming the perfect counterweight to Holmes’s eccentric personality. Holmes has a healing effect on Watson. He doesn’t burden his mind with the irrelevant details and in doing so effectively becomes the atavistic genius detective of ratiocination he is. This attribute of Holme’s character is the inverse of Watson’s initial degeneracy and together the two “help to cleanse late Victorian England of its morally most unsavory and dangerous elements” of contagious degeneration. In summation in her essay Anna Neill contends that Doyle opposes ideas of degeneracy for the atavistic genius. She makes a compelling point in her reference to the concept of degeneracy vs atavism that creates a firm base for the argument. She makes many references to the book “Degeneration” by Max Nordau to build upon the credibility of her argument. Her argument is limited in that it isn’t able to replicate such strong points of the idea of being against degeneracy than for atavism exclusive of the idea of revokin mental riches. To enhance the effect of her thesis she could have expanded the range of text in the discussion to investigate more cases in which the concept exists. THE MAN WITH THE TWISTED LIP APPROPRIATION ------------------------- I hadn’t seen Sherlock Holmes all day which was rather unnatural for roommates. The only person that was even remotely close enough to him to know anything about his whereabouts was the landlady Mrs. Hudson and when I asked she replied as ignorant as I. He didn’t normally just disappear but naturally this put me under the assumption that he was concentrating on a case. I was just making a cup of tea when i heard knocking at the door and to my surprise at the door was a frantic Mrs. Hudson. “My grandson Gregory ... he has taken off with those addict friends of his” , “ please Watson i just don’t want my boy going down the same path as those addicts”. Still muddled by her distraught character i had only just realised what she was asking of me. “Don’t worry Mrs. Hudson, I’ll go and retrieve him” i said to set her heart to rest as i grabbed my coat and set off for the ‘opium den’, well at least that’s what she called it. From whatshe told me i
understood it to be a small pink building on the east end of the industrial side of London where kids would supposedly explore the various illicit drugs. Gregory who had just gotten transferred to a new school due to a behavioural issue had befriended some other boys under a similar circumstance. Mrs. Hudson described them as the ‘wrong bunch’ and she believed that their deranged idea of fun is causing her grandson to become an addict himself. Illegal behaviour it most certainly wasn’t as it turned out his addiction was to a rather new substance that had no major detrimental effect which i recall to be known as Ligma. But nevertheless it was still an addiction that Mrs. Hudson noticed was significantly eating into his salary at the fish and chips shop. Upon arriving to the so called ‘Opium den’ i was stopped by shock. Surprisingly what was described as a low end, cheap narcotics trade run by some disreputable teenagers on a budget was a flourishing business that was creating a rich atmosphere with the wealthy customers it lured. Everything from the flashing L.E.D signs to the overly welcoming employees at the doors was in resonance with the high mood of the people who indulged in the drug, well at least everything except the disfigured beggar that called himself Harry Boone that sat on the street corner just outside the booming establishment taking advantage of the wealthy in their state of euphoria as they became increasingly inclined to throw more than what they would have if they were consciously aware into his tattered brown hat. I walked into the den and immediately notice a change in the lighting, it was much darker on the inside but despite the lack light i was able to find Gregory, along with someone else who had also seemed to be missing. “Sherlock?” i exclaimed, “if you don’t mind me asking, what bring you to a drug den”. Sitting disguised at a table looking at me rolling his eyes irritated by my sarcastic tone seeming as if he was conjuring up the perfect remark to reply with. “Watson if you of all people should know not to jump to conclusions and that I could hardly take that to offence even if i were to be here on my own accounts. Rather i am on a case, a matter referred to me by a client by the name of Mrs. St Clairs in regards to the unexpected disappearance of her husband Mr. Neville St Clairs”. “And what about the drug den then. The matter that you have just disclosed to me is just irrelevant information that is irrespective to why are in a drug den!”. While sliding a yellow file with papers falling out the side he replied “Well my dear impatient partner Mr. St Clair’s a working class English gentleman whose occupation as a packer in the toothpaste factory brings him to these parts has been said by his wife to have gone missing while in this very den”. Baffled i questioned further “And how did you come to such a deduction”. “Ahh well actually our client has done some detective work of her own. You see the life of a labourer is extremely drab lacking any brightness or interest and so naturally she deduced that her husband’s late arrivals home after work was due to him being enticed by some blissful pass time. Her deductions proved true when she followed him after his supposed end hours at factory straight into the drug den where after she entered he disappeared.” Shortly after the briefing we left the den. We were home by 9:30, and while my associated went over the finer details of the case i myself reclined on my club chair enjoying some of Mrs. Hudson's complementary cooking. It had just him me that Mr. St Clair although working for minimum wage at the factory and yet was surprisingly well off. “Do you think it is possible our client’s husband’s disappearance could be credited and altercation with a loan shark of some sorts possibly even with the owners of the drug den”. Sherlock replied “Without evidence this well thought speculation is still speculation and nothing but a stab in the dark. However tomorrow we will make a visit to the owners of the den and try to bring evidence to this supposition.” The next morning when we arrived to the site of the disappearance were dumbfounded to find that it was already labeled a crime scene. Police scouring the main entrance to the den were all over the place so we decided to meet up with a familiar face to understand what was going on. Sherlock called out to one of the policemen who seemed to be running the search “Lestrade! What heavens name is going on here!”. “Well as it turns out we seemed to have solved the case before you have” Lestrade exclaimed with delight. “T’was murder. The body hasn’t been found yet but after one of our undercover detectives noticed the dirty beggar Harry Boone bearing Mr. St Clair’s wedding ring we took him in for interrogation and he confessed.” It didn’t make any sense at all and yet it he confessed so it had to be true. I wasn’t the only one in disbelief as when i looked over to my partner it seemed as thought he was still looking for an answer. We just about to leave when Sherlock Muttered something to me “The motives are switched”. “What!” i replied perplexed by the ludicrousy of the statement. He continued “Harry Boone was making money sitting by the drug den. If anyone was in desperate need of money it were Mr. St Clair”. Still confused as to where he was going with his point i questioned “Are you suggesting that Mr. St Clair attacked Harry Boone?” “No that would be absurd” he responded, “the answer is much more obscure but to be sure we must scrub the grub, fetch me a pail and a sponge.” Lestrade looking to feel a greater triumph of seeing Holmes make a fool of himself allowed his to wash the sleeping man in his cell. Holmes mixed in some soap with the water and emptied the pail over Harry’s head. The splatter woke him up and Holmes had to tussle with the man while scrubbing the suds of soap into his eyes. “That enough” said Lestrade, “he’s a criminal but the law will determine what punishment he deserves”. “He’s not a criminal” Holmes replied, “and besides I’m hardly hurting him”. My accomplice took a step back and revealed that Harry Boone was in fact Mr. St Clair is disguise. He then revealed his inner thought process. “He had covered his left eye with clay and his body with dirty and wore torn rags to create the facade of a disfigured beggar. His job at the factory wasn’t paying enough for him to support his family his desperation saw him sought to a methods of redemption, a crafty shameful method so undignifying that when he was caught for a crime he didn’t commit he was willing to give up his life to maintain his reputation, his name by social rule”. “Well that’s that” Sherlock announced to Lestrade with a smirk asserting his victory, “there is no murder and so there is to be no sentence. Lestrade be sure to contact his wife to tell her husband lives.” Poise finally._Speech Summary_
Cultural concerns of the past will always be carried forwards into recent. History repeats itself and so pre-existing values are always being revoked in new context of a new time period. If it isn’t broken don’t fix it, just alter it so that it can be used in a different context. This concept of reusing these timeless values is appropriation. In my appropriation of the original Arthur Conan Doyle short story ‘The Man with the Twisted Lip’ i have chosen to embed the victorian value for a reputation that provides a dignifying name in society and the value for drug that was itself to crime in the late 1800’s but created an environment connected to crime which was a major cultural concern in the victorian era. Evidence of these to values existing in the original text are in the quotes "It was not my wife, it was the children," groaned the prisoner. "God help me, I would not have them ashamed of their father. My God! What an exposure! What can I do?" (Twisted Lip.197-9) and “for many years he continued to be a slave to the drug, an object of mingled horror and pity to his friends and relatives. I can see him now, with yellow, pasty face, drooping lids, and pinpoint pupils, all huddled in a chair, the wreck and ruin of a noble man” (Twisted.1). The original text is a story of the abduction of, and presumed murder, of investor Neville St Clair. the abduction observed by his wife saying it to have occured in an Opium den. After notifying police they made the arrest of beggar whom set up near the den. Although the police seemed to have solved the case Sherlock Holmes exposed the beggar as Neville St Clair. The short story is one with many twists and turns and so this element is one of which i tried to maintain in my appropriation. Although it isn’t explicitly stated my story is set in the 21st century. It starts with Watson finding Holmes in a drug den created for some drug called ‘Ligma’ of course working on a case similar to the original the case of missing husband referred to but a worried wife who in the end again was disguised as a beggar. The two values i focused on were values for reputation and drugs. An example of these values is at the end of my story when Sherlock explains his ratiocination. He explains that “shameful method so undignifying that when he was caught for a crime he didn’t commit he was willing to give up his life to maintain his reputation, his name by social rule”.NOTHING TO SEE HERE
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