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SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself. AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
HG/HGO REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > POTENTIALS > HgO. The potential of the Hg/HgO reference electrode can be calculated from the potential of the cell. Pt, H 2 (1atm) / NaOH (aq) / HgO (s) / Hg (liq). which is said to be 0.926V @25° and independent of the concentration of NaOH between 0.001 mol-kg-1 and 0.3 mol-kg-1.That does not mean that the Hg/HgO reference electrode potential is independent ofEQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include POTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODE The following tables give the potentials of several commonly used reference electrodes. Various filling solutions are listed where data was available. Note that the nature and concentration of the filling solution can dramatically change the potential! When you look through the scientific literature, be sure the author has specified thefilling
SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself. AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
HG/HGO REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > POTENTIALS > HgO. The potential of the Hg/HgO reference electrode can be calculated from the potential of the cell. Pt, H 2 (1atm) / NaOH (aq) / HgO (s) / Hg (liq). which is said to be 0.926V @25° and independent of the concentration of NaOH between 0.001 mol-kg-1 and 0.3 mol-kg-1.That does not mean that the Hg/HgO reference electrode potential is independent ofEQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the ABOUT THE RESEARCH SOLUTIONS AND RESOURCES WEBSITE The information presented under the Resources section of this website is published as a service to the electrochemical community and for those trying to perform, or trying to interpret the data from, an electrochemical experiment. It is believed to be accurate and correct, but it is presented "as is." The published literature is cited where REFERENCE ELECTRODES TOPICS The Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode. Simple to make, and robust! The Hydrogen Electrode - SHE. The standard for potentials. "Do I add or subtract?" How to convert from " vs. Ag/AgCl" to " vs. SCE." A lazy man's calculator to figure it out for you! High Temperature Reference SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one.EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the HG/HGO REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > POTENTIALS > HgO. The potential of the Hg/HgO reference electrode can be calculated from the potential of the cell. Pt, H 2 (1atm) / NaOH (aq) / HgO (s) / Hg (liq). which is said to be 0.926V @25° and independent of the concentration of NaOH between 0.001 mol-kg-1 and 0.3 mol-kg-1.That does not mean that the Hg/HgO reference electrode potential is independent of PURIFICATION OF MERCURY The procedure we used was to place mercury in an "oxifier" and suck air through it for a week or so. The oxifier (available then from Bethlehem Apparatus) was a thick glass cylinder containing some rotating disks with many large holes in them. EIS (ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE) The Bookstore. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, or EIS, has come into its own in the last twelve to fifteen years. I like to think that it is, in part, due to the availability of commercial hardware and software that allow the researcher to start taking data very easily. Interpretation of that data sometimes takes a bit more skill.WARBURG IMPEDANCE
D is the diffusion coefficient of the species. The Warburg coefficient, , can be determined from the slope of the Warburg plot, or by fitting to an equivalent circuit model which includes a Warburg impedance. However, most equivalent circuit modeling programs return " Yo " rather than . Yo is the magnitude of the admittance ( = 1/Z ) at=1 rad
CALCULATOR FOR COATING CAPACITANCE, THICKNESS, OR IMPEDANCE. Capacitance and Coating Properties: A Calculator. This form can be used to calculate coating thickness, dielectric constant, or capacitance if the other two variables are known. Select the property you wish to evaluate and enter or change the coating information. Press to update the value of the selected property. AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Research Solutions and Resources LLC http://www.ConsultRSR.com Dr. Robert S Rodgers, Ph.D. Research Solutions and Resources LLC PO Box 7561 Princeton, NJ 08543 CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include POTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODE The following tables give the potentials of several commonly used reference electrodes. Various filling solutions are listed where data was available. Note that the nature and concentration of the filling solution can dramatically change the potential! When you look through the scientific literature, be sure the author has specified thefilling
SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself. AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
HG/HGO REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > POTENTIALS > HgO. The potential of the Hg/HgO reference electrode can be calculated from the potential of the cell. Pt, H 2 (1atm) / NaOH (aq) / HgO (s) / Hg (liq). which is said to be 0.926V @25° and independent of the concentration of NaOH between 0.001 mol-kg-1 and 0.3 mol-kg-1.That does not mean that the Hg/HgO reference electrode potential is independent ofEQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include POTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODE The following tables give the potentials of several commonly used reference electrodes. Various filling solutions are listed where data was available. Note that the nature and concentration of the filling solution can dramatically change the potential! When you look through the scientific literature, be sure the author has specified thefilling
SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself. AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
HG/HGO REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > POTENTIALS > HgO. The potential of the Hg/HgO reference electrode can be calculated from the potential of the cell. Pt, H 2 (1atm) / NaOH (aq) / HgO (s) / Hg (liq). which is said to be 0.926V @25° and independent of the concentration of NaOH between 0.001 mol-kg-1 and 0.3 mol-kg-1.That does not mean that the Hg/HgO reference electrode potential is independent ofEQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the ABOUT THE RESEARCH SOLUTIONS AND RESOURCES WEBSITE The information presented under the Resources section of this website is published as a service to the electrochemical community and for those trying to perform, or trying to interpret the data from, an electrochemical experiment. It is believed to be accurate and correct, but it is presented "as is." The published literature is cited where REFERENCE ELECTRODES TOPICS The Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode. Simple to make, and robust! The Hydrogen Electrode - SHE. The standard for potentials. "Do I add or subtract?" How to convert from " vs. Ag/AgCl" to " vs. SCE." A lazy man's calculator to figure it out for you! High Temperature Reference SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one.EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the HG/HGO REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > POTENTIALS > HgO. The potential of the Hg/HgO reference electrode can be calculated from the potential of the cell. Pt, H 2 (1atm) / NaOH (aq) / HgO (s) / Hg (liq). which is said to be 0.926V @25° and independent of the concentration of NaOH between 0.001 mol-kg-1 and 0.3 mol-kg-1.That does not mean that the Hg/HgO reference electrode potential is independent of PURIFICATION OF MERCURY The procedure we used was to place mercury in an "oxifier" and suck air through it for a week or so. The oxifier (available then from Bethlehem Apparatus) was a thick glass cylinder containing some rotating disks with many large holes in them. EIS (ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE) The Bookstore. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, or EIS, has come into its own in the last twelve to fifteen years. I like to think that it is, in part, due to the availability of commercial hardware and software that allow the researcher to start taking data very easily. Interpretation of that data sometimes takes a bit more skill.WARBURG IMPEDANCE
D is the diffusion coefficient of the species. The Warburg coefficient, , can be determined from the slope of the Warburg plot, or by fitting to an equivalent circuit model which includes a Warburg impedance. However, most equivalent circuit modeling programs return " Yo " rather than . Yo is the magnitude of the admittance ( = 1/Z ) at=1 rad
CALCULATOR FOR COATING CAPACITANCE, THICKNESS, OR IMPEDANCE. Capacitance and Coating Properties: A Calculator. This form can be used to calculate coating thickness, dielectric constant, or capacitance if the other two variables are known. Select the property you wish to evaluate and enter or change the coating information. Press to update the value of the selected property. AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Research Solutions and Resources LLC http://www.ConsultRSR.com Dr. Robert S Rodgers, Ph.D. Research Solutions and Resources LLC PO Box 7561 Princeton, NJ 08543 REFERENCE ELECTRODES TOPICS The Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode. Simple to make, and robust! The Hydrogen Electrode - SHE. The standard for potentials. "Do I add or subtract?" How to convert from " vs. Ag/AgCl" to " vs. SCE." A lazy man's calculator to figure it out for you! High Temperature Reference CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself.EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Research Solutions and Resources LLC http://www.ConsultRSR.com Dr. Robert S Rodgers, Ph.D. Research Solutions and Resources LLC PO Box 7561 Princeton, NJ 08543 REFERENCE ELECTRODES TOPICS The Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode. Simple to make, and robust! The Hydrogen Electrode - SHE. The standard for potentials. "Do I add or subtract?" How to convert from " vs. Ag/AgCl" to " vs. SCE." A lazy man's calculator to figure it out for you! High Temperature Reference CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself.EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Research Solutions and Resources LLC http://www.ConsultRSR.com Dr. Robert S Rodgers, Ph.D. Research Solutions and Resources LLC PO Box 7561 Princeton, NJ 08543 REFERENCE ELECTRODES TOPICS The Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode. Simple to make, and robust! The Hydrogen Electrode - SHE. The standard for potentials. "Do I add or subtract?" How to convert from "vs.Ag/AgCl" to "vs.SCE." A lazy man's calculator to figure it out for you!. High Temperature Reference Electrodes. A few non-traditional ones. POTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODE The following tables give the potentials of several commonly used reference electrodes. Various filling solutions are listed where data was available. Note that the nature and concentration of the filling solution can dramatically change the potential! When you look through the scientific literature, be sure the author has specified thefilling
AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
HG/HGO REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > POTENTIALS > HgO. The potential of the Hg/HgO reference electrode can be calculated from the potential of the cell. Pt, H 2 (1atm) / NaOH (aq) / HgO (s) / Hg (liq). which is said to be 0.926V @25° and independent of the concentration of NaOH between 0.001 mol-kg-1 and 0.3 mol-kg-1.That does not mean that the Hg/HgO reference electrode potential is independent of FITTING EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS Fitting EIS Data to Equivalent Circuits. Although the equivalent circuit approach is looked down upon by some, analyzing EIS data by fitting it to equivalent circuit models can be a valid and rewarding approach, particularly in the early stages of an investigation. When you first begin an electrochemical investigation, very often you mayknow
LUGGIN OR LUGGIN-HABER CAPILLARY/PROBE A Luggin capillary is a way of effectively bringing the potential sensing tip of the reference electrode close to the surface of the working electrode, thereby reducing the uncompensated iR drop. EXPLAINING THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The phase angle of this "capacitance" is not 90° , but is given by (n*90°). The observed angle is something between 80° (n=0.89) and 90° (n=1.0). When this "capacitance" is in parallel with a charge-transfer resistance (R), the Nyquist plot is the arc of a circle, but with the center of the circle blow the x-axis: It is the"depressed semi
AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Research Solutions and Resources LLC http://www.ConsultRSR.com Dr. Robert S Rodgers, Ph.D. Research Solutions and Resources LLC PO Box 7561 Princeton, NJ 08543WARBURG IMPEDANCE
D is the diffusion coefficient of the species. The Warburg coefficient, , can be determined from the slope of the Warburg plot, or by fitting to an equivalent circuit model which includes a Warburg impedance. However, most equivalent circuit modeling programs return " Yo " rather than . Yo is the magnitude of the admittance ( = 1/Z ) at=1 rad
EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COATINGS WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL 88 October 2004 JCT CoatingsTech Part 1 of this series (August 2004 JCT CoatingsTech, page 46) described Elec-trochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in general terms. SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include THE ZARC, ANOTHER VIEW OF THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The ZARC Element. Although we use the Constant Phase Element ( CPE ) as a 'fundamental' circuit element today, the earliest explanations of depressed semicircles modeled the semicircle directly as a system with a distribution of time constants. ( ref 1) Z = Ro / (Eq. 1) THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). CALCULATOR FOR CAPACITANCE FROM CPE PARAMETERS. An on-line calculator for capacitance from a CPE fit to data. INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COATINGS WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL 24 February 2005 JCT CoatingsTech controlled exposure of some sort. There is a fundamental difference between pulling the coating off with tape and lifting the coating with a knife, and SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include THE ZARC, ANOTHER VIEW OF THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The ZARC Element. Although we use the Constant Phase Element ( CPE ) as a 'fundamental' circuit element today, the earliest explanations of depressed semicircles modeled the semicircle directly as a system with a distribution of time constants. ( ref 1) Z = Ro / (Eq. 1) THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). CALCULATOR FOR CAPACITANCE FROM CPE PARAMETERS. An on-line calculator for capacitance from a CPE fit to data. INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COATINGS WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL 24 February 2005 JCT CoatingsTech controlled exposure of some sort. There is a fundamental difference between pulling the coating off with tape and lifting the coating with a knife, and SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. POTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODE The following tables give the potentials of several commonly used reference electrodes. Various filling solutions are listed where data was available. Note that the nature and concentration of the filling solution can dramatically change the potential! When you look through the scientific literature, be sure the author has specified thefilling
AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
EIS (ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE) The Bookstore. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, or EIS, has come into its own in the last twelve to fifteen years. I like to think that it is, in part, due to the availability of commercial hardware and software that allow the researcher to start taking data very easily. Interpretation of that data sometimes takes a bit more skill. BANDWIDTH AND SLEW RATE Control Amplifier Bandwidthand Slew Rate. The bandwidth or frequency response of the control amplifier or potentiostat amplifier is related to the maximum rate at which the output can change. For a simple conversion, consider the 1 volt sine wave in the sketch below. From math tables, the maximum slope of sin (x) is 1.0 since. For our 1 VoltWARBURG IMPEDANCE
Diffusion coefficients can be calculated from a Warburg impedance. and the Warburg coefficient, , is given by: The equation for applies to both reversible and quasi-reversible reactions for which both halves of the couple are soluble. The subscripts O and R represent the Oxidized and Reduced forms of the species, and C b denotes a bulk concentration. D is the diffusion coefficient of the species. PURIFICATION OF MERCURY Bethlehem Apparatus Co., Inc. 890 Front Street Hellertown PA 18055. Tel: 610 838-7034 Fax: 610 838-6333 Contact: Bruce Lawrence CALCULATOR FOR COATING CAPACITANCE, THICKNESS, OR IMPEDANCE. Capacitance and Coating Properties: A Calculator. This form can be used to calculate coating thickness, dielectric constant, or capacitance if the other two variables are known. Select the property you wish to evaluate and enter or change the coating information. Press to update the value of the selected property. AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Research Solutions and Resources LLC http://www.ConsultRSR.com Dr. Robert S Rodgers, Ph.D. Research Solutions and Resources LLC PO Box 7561 Princeton, NJ 08543 EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COATINGS WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL 88 October 2004 JCT CoatingsTech Part 1 of this series (August 2004 JCT CoatingsTech, page 46) described Elec-trochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in general terms. SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include THE ZARC, ANOTHER VIEW OF THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The ZARC Element. Although we use the Constant Phase Element ( CPE ) as a 'fundamental' circuit element today, the earliest explanations of depressed semicircles modeled the semicircle directly as a system with a distribution of time constants. ( ref 1) Z = Ro / (Eq. 1) THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COATINGS WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL 24 February 2005 JCT CoatingsTech controlled exposure of some sort. There is a fundamental difference between pulling the coating off with tape and lifting the coating with a knife, and SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. CALCULATOR-CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODESSEARCHPOTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODEEIS To use this calculator, enter the recorded voltage in mV in the top textbox and select the reference electrode used to record it. Next, select the reference electrode you would like it reported against, and then click Convert. This calculator is based on the values listed elsewhere on this web site. In general, the potentials which include THE ZARC, ANOTHER VIEW OF THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The ZARC Element. Although we use the Constant Phase Element ( CPE ) as a 'fundamental' circuit element today, the earliest explanations of depressed semicircles modeled the semicircle directly as a system with a distribution of time constants. ( ref 1) Z = Ro / (Eq. 1) THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT The Constant Phase Element (CPE) is a non-intuitive circuit element that was discovered (or invented) while looking at the response of real-world systems.In some systems the Nyquist plot (also called the Cole-Cole plot or Complex Impedance Plane plot) was expected to be a INDUCTANCE OF A STRAIGHT WIRE: A CALCULATOR It contains a section on " Radio Formulae " ( ref 1) that gives the inductance of a straight piece of round wire or rod: In this equation, L is the inductance in nH (10 -9 henry), l is the length and d is the diameter of the wire/rod (both in cm). µ is the permeability of the material (=1.0, except for iron and other ferromagnetic materials). AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
INDUCTANCE - HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS The effects of inductances are often seen at the highest frequencies. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency, while that of a capacitor decreases. High frequency inductive behavior has several possible causes. The easiest to visualize is the actual physical inductance of the wires and, possibly, of the electrode itself. CONVERTING POTENTIALS BETWEEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES So, the short answer is "You should SUBTRACT 45 mV from readings obtained with an Ag/AgCl,sat'd NaCl reference electrode in order to convert to potential vs. SCE. You may wish to think of it as adding -45 mV, since this is potential of the reference electrode youactually
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COATINGS WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL 24 February 2005 JCT CoatingsTech controlled exposure of some sort. There is a fundamental difference between pulling the coating off with tape and lifting the coating with a knife, and SELECTING A REFERENCE ELECTRODE RESOURCES > REF ELECTRODES > SELECTING. When it's time to put together your electrochemical cell, what reference electrode do you reach for? Here are some thoughts on selecting the right one. POTENTIALS OF REFERENCE ELECTRODE The following tables give the potentials of several commonly used reference electrodes. Various filling solutions are listed where data was available. Note that the nature and concentration of the filling solution can dramatically change the potential! When you look through the scientific literature, be sure the author has specified thefilling
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called "Warburg" diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the AG/AGCL REFERENCE ELECTRODE The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is many electrochemists' reference electrode of choice.It is easily and cheaply prepared. It is stable, and quite robust. It is sometimes referred to as "SSCE" (Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode) but that abbreviation has been used for Sodium Saturated Calomel Electrodealso.
EIS (ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE) The Bookstore. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, or EIS, has come into its own in the last twelve to fifteen years. I like to think that it is, in part, due to the availability of commercial hardware and software that allow the researcher to start taking data very easily. Interpretation of that data sometimes takes a bit more skill. BANDWIDTH AND SLEW RATE Control Amplifier Bandwidthand Slew Rate. The bandwidth or frequency response of the control amplifier or potentiostat amplifier is related to the maximum rate at which the output can change. For a simple conversion, consider the 1 volt sine wave in the sketch below. From math tables, the maximum slope of sin (x) is 1.0 since. For our 1 VoltWARBURG IMPEDANCE
Diffusion coefficients can be calculated from a Warburg impedance. and the Warburg coefficient, , is given by: The equation for applies to both reversible and quasi-reversible reactions for which both halves of the couple are soluble. The subscripts O and R represent the Oxidized and Reduced forms of the species, and C b denotes a bulk concentration. D is the diffusion coefficient of the species. PURIFICATION OF MERCURY Bethlehem Apparatus Co., Inc. 890 Front Street Hellertown PA 18055. Tel: 610 838-7034 Fax: 610 838-6333 Contact: Bruce Lawrence CALCULATOR FOR COATING CAPACITANCE, THICKNESS, OR IMPEDANCE. Capacitance and Coating Properties: A Calculator. This form can be used to calculate coating thickness, dielectric constant, or capacitance if the other two variables are known. Select the property you wish to evaluate and enter or change the coating information. Press to update the value of the selected property. AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY Research Solutions and Resources LLC http://www.ConsultRSR.com Dr. Robert S Rodgers, Ph.D. Research Solutions and Resources LLC PO Box 7561 Princeton, NJ 08543_
RESOURCES FOR ELECTROCHEMISTRY_ Dr. Bob Rodgers established this site as a resource for chemists and others who have discovered the wide-ranging applications of electrochemistry. Bob had over 40 years of experience in electrochemistry and electrochemical instrumentation and he enjoyed sharing this knowledge with others.  Read his _ curriculum vita_ for more details.
Bob is no longer with us, but he has friends who are covering for him while he rides on ahead. You may contact us with any electrochemical questions using the information on the Contact Us page. In the Resources section you'll findinformation on...
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